What are the contraindications and precautions for using Ibuprofen (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)) in patients with a history of allergic reactions, gastrointestinal bleeding, kidney or liver disease, bleeding disorders, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and in elderly patients with impaired renal function?

Ibuprofen Contraindications

Ibuprofen is absolutely contraindicated in patients with active peptic ulcer disease, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and in those with the aspirin triad (asthma with rhinitis/nasal polyps and severe bronchospasm after aspirin/NSAIDs), and should be avoided in patients with cirrhotic liver disease. 1, 2

Absolute Contraindications

Gastrointestinal Contraindications

• Active peptic ulcer disease is an absolute contraindication to ibuprofen use, as NSAIDs cause serious gastrointestinal adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal. 1, 2
• Patients with prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or gastrointestinal bleeding who use NSAIDs have a greater than 10-fold increased risk for developing a GI bleed compared to patients without these risk factors. 2

Renal Contraindications

• Chronic kidney disease is an absolute contraindication to ibuprofen, as NSAIDs cause dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and renal blood flow, precipitating overt renal decompensation. 1, 3
• Advanced renal disease represents an absolute contraindication, with treatment not recommended in these patients; if therapy must be initiated, close monitoring of renal function is mandatory. 2
• The American Academy of Family Physicians explicitly recommends avoiding NSAIDs in persons with renal disease due to risk of progressive renal deterioration leading to increased morbidity and mortality. 3

Cardiovascular Contraindications

• Heart failure is an absolute contraindication (moderate level of evidence, weak recommendation), as NSAIDs cause sodium and water retention, worsening renal function and worsening heart failure. 1, 2
• Avoid ibuprofen in patients with severe heart failure unless benefits are expected to outweigh the risk of worsening heart failure; if used, monitor patients for signs of worsening heart failure. 2

Hepatic Contraindications

• Cirrhotic liver disease should be considered an absolute contraindication, as NSAIDs should not be used in persons with cirrhosis because bleeding problems and renal failure become more likely. 4
• Patients with cirrhosis and ascites should not use NSAIDs due to extremely high risk of acute renal failure, hyponatremia, and diuretic resistance. 4, 3

Allergic/Hypersensitivity Contraindications

• The aspirin triad is an absolute contraindication: ibuprofen should not be given to patients with this symptom complex, which typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. 2
• Previous serious skin reactions to NSAIDs (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, exfoliative dermatitis) are absolute contraindications. 2
• Anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to ibuprofen, and emergency help should be sought when such reactions occur. 2

Pregnancy Contraindications

• Avoid ibuprofen in pregnant women at about 30 weeks gestation and later, as NSAIDs increase the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus at approximately this gestational age. 2
• Use at about 20 weeks gestation or later may cause fetal renal dysfunction leading to oligohydramnios and neonatal renal impairment; if necessary between 20-30 weeks, limit to lowest effective dose and shortest duration possible. 2

Relative Contraindications and High-Risk Situations Requiring Extreme Caution

Gastrointestinal Risk Factors

• History of peptic ulcer disease (not currently active) represents a relative contraindication requiring extreme caution and gastroprotection. 1
• Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of NSAID peptic ulceration and should prompt consideration of treatment before NSAID initiation. 1
• Concomitant use of corticosteroids or SSRIs substantially increases gastrointestinal bleeding risk. 1
• Advanced age (≥60 years), male gender, smoking, alcohol use, and poor general health status all increase GI bleeding risk. 1, 2

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

• Hypertension is a relative contraindication, as NSAIDs can cause reduced sodium excretion leading to increased blood pressure (average increase of 5 mm Hg). 1, 3
• Patients taking aspirin for cardioprophylaxis should not use ibuprofen, as it may reduce the cardioprotective efficacy of aspirin. 1

Renal Risk Factors

• Impaired renal function, compromised fluid status, volume depletion, and elderly patients are at greatest risk of NSAID-induced renal decompensation. 3, 2
• Concomitant use of diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs creates compounded nephrotoxicity risk and should be avoided or monitored extremely closely. 3, 2

Hepatic Risk Factors

• Hepatic insufficiency, chronic alcohol abuse or dependence represent relative contraindications requiring dose adjustment or avoidance. 1

Critical Drug Interactions

Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents

• NSAIDs taken with prescribed anticoagulants (warfarin or heparin) may significantly increase the risk of bleeding complications, particularly in patients at high risk for cardiac toxicities. 1
• Concomitant use with low-dose aspirin increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and may reduce aspirin's cardioprotective efficacy. 1

Antihypertensive Medications

• NSAIDs blunt the effects of diuretics, causing sodium and water retention and diuretic resistance. 3, 2
• Combination with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or diuretics creates a "perfect storm" where the kidney loses both vasodilatory and pressure-maintaining mechanisms, dramatically increasing nephrotoxicity risk. 3

Multiple NSAID Use

• Patients should not take more than one nonselective NSAID or COX-2 selective inhibitor for pain control, as this substantially increases gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration, and perforation risk with no meaningful increase in therapeutic efficacy. 1, 5
• Concurrent use of oral and topical NSAIDs (such as oral ibuprofen with topical diclofenac) should never be used in high-risk patients. 5

Mandatory Risk Mitigation Strategies

Gastroprotection Requirements

• Older persons taking nonselective NSAIDs should use a proton pump inhibitor or misoprostol for gastrointestinal protection. 1
• Well-tolerated proton pump inhibitors are recommended to reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects induced by NSAIDs. 1

Monitoring Requirements

• All patients taking NSAIDs should be routinely assessed for gastrointestinal and renal toxicity, hypertension, heart failure, and other drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. 1
• For high-risk patients on NSAIDs, weekly monitoring for the first three weeks is recommended by some experts, with immediate discontinuation if renal function doubles. 3
• Baseline serum creatinine measurement is recommended when starting NSAIDs in high-risk patients. 3

Dosing Principles

• Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration to minimize potential risk for adverse GI and renal events. 1, 2
• The low risk of gastrointestinal complications associated with ibuprofen appears attributable to the low doses prescribed routinely in clinical practice; higher doses were associated with relative risks similar to naproxen and indomethacin. 6

Common Clinical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not assume COX-2 selective inhibitors are safer for the kidneys: they produce identical sodium retention and renal effects as non-selective NSAIDs because COX-2 is constitutively expressed in the kidney. 3
• Do not overlook over-the-counter NSAID use: patients often self-medicate with ibuprofen without informing providers, which can undermine diuretic therapy and increase toxicity risk. 3
• Do not combine acetaminophen carelessly with combination opioid-acetaminophen products: acetaminophen should be used with caution or not at all with these combinations to prevent excess acetaminophen dosing and hepatotoxicity. 1
• Do not continue NSAIDs if serious adverse events are suspected: promptly discontinue and initiate additional evaluation if GI ulceration, bleeding, or renal dysfunction is suspected. 2