What are primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism?

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Understanding Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Primary Hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by autonomous parathyroid gland overproduction of PTH, resulting in hypercalcemia with elevated or inappropriately normal PTH levels. 1

Pathophysiology and Causes

  • Single parathyroid adenoma accounts for approximately 80% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases, making it the most common etiology 1
  • Multigland disease (hyperplasia) affects 15-20% of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism 1
  • Parathyroid carcinoma is rare, occurring in less than 1% of cases 1
  • The hallmark is autonomous PTH secretion that is independent of calcium levels, leading to dysregulated calcium homeostasis 2

Biochemical Profile

  • The combination of hypercalcemia with elevated or inappropriately normal PTH levels is diagnostic of primary hyperparathyroidism 2, 1
  • Serum phosphate is typically low or low-normal 2
  • Most patients demonstrate hypercalciuria (>250-300 mg/day) due to increased filtered calcium load from hypercalcemia 2, 1
  • The American College of Endocrinology recommends measuring serum calcium (corrected for albumin) and intact PTH simultaneously to establish the diagnosis 2

Clinical Presentation

  • Symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism with target organ involvement (kidney stones, bone disease, neuromuscular symptoms) is more common in countries without routine biochemical screening 1
  • Many patients are now diagnosed incidentally through routine laboratory testing before symptoms develop 3

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by elevated PTH in response to chronic hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, or vitamin D deficiency, with normal or low serum calcium levels. 4, 5

Pathophysiology and Causes

  • SHPT represents a compensatory physiologic response where increased PTH production attempts to correct calcium homeostasis but fails due to underlying organ dysfunction or reduced calcium availability 4
  • The three primary drivers are: hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and vitamin D deficiency 5
  • Chronic kidney disease is the most common cause, as declining renal function leads to phosphate retention, decreased calcitriol production, and impaired calcium absorption 4, 5, 6
  • Other causes include malabsorption syndromes, vitamin D deficiency rickets, hepatobiliary disease, and chronic intestinal malabsorption 7

Biochemical Profile in CKD-Related SHPT

  • Normal or low serum calcium with elevated PTH is the hallmark finding 2, 5
  • Hyperphosphatemia is defined as serum phosphorus >4.6 mg/dL in CKD stages 3-4, or >5.5 mg/dL in stage 5 5
  • Hypocalcemia is defined as corrected serum calcium <8.4 mg/dL 5
  • Vitamin D deficiency is defined as 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL 5
  • Alkaline phosphatase is often elevated, suggesting high bone turnover 5

Monitoring Recommendations by CKD Stage

  • For CKD Stage 3 (GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m²): measure calcium, phosphorus, and PTH annually 5
  • For CKD Stage 4 (GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²): measure calcium and phosphorus every 3-6 months 5
  • For CKD Stage 5 (GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m² or on dialysis): measure calcium and phosphorus monthly initially, then every 1-3 months once stable 5
  • The National Kidney Foundation recommends targeting PTH range of 150-300 pg/mL (not normal range) for CKD Stage 5 5

Critical Management Principle

  • Never target "normal" PTH levels (<65 pg/mL) in dialysis patients, as this causes adynamic bone disease with increased fracture risk and loss of bone buffering capacity for calcium 5

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism (THPT)

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is marked by hypercalcemia with elevated PTH, representing autonomous PTH hypersecretion after longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism. 1, 8

Key Distinguishing Features

  • The parathyroid glands become autonomously hypersecreting after prolonged stimulation, losing their normal feedback regulation 4, 8
  • Most commonly encountered following kidney transplantation in patients with long-standing chronic kidney disease 4, 1
  • Unlike secondary hyperparathyroidism, PTH remains elevated despite rising serum calcium levels, manifesting as hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism 4
  • Typically involves multigland disease (parathyroid hyperplasia) 1

Key Diagnostic Distinctions

Primary vs Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Feature Primary HPT Secondary HPT
Calcium Elevated Normal or low
PTH Elevated or inappropriately normal Elevated
Pathophysiology Autonomous PTH secretion Compensatory PTH response
Common Cause Parathyroid adenoma (80%) Chronic kidney disease

2, 1, 5

Important Diagnostic Pitfalls

  • Vitamin D deficiency can complicate interpretation of PTH levels in both conditions and must be assessed 2, 3
  • Vitamin D deficiency can suppress urine calcium excretion in primary hyperparathyroidism patients, potentially masking hypercalciuria 2
  • Different PTH assay generations measure different PTH fragments and can yield significantly different values, requiring use of assay-specific reference ranges 4, 2
  • The diagnosis of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism should only be made after careful exclusion of all causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism 3

References

Guideline

PTH-Dependent Hypercalcemia Diagnosis and Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Diagnosing Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

The Eucalcemic Patient With Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Levels.

Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2023

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Diagnosis and Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2011

Research

Hyperparathyroidism.

Minerva pediatrica, 2004

Research

Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.

Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, 2013

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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