What causes a sudden increase in blood pressure in an adult with a history of hypertension, potentially due to a cold snap or other factors?

Sudden Blood Pressure Increases: Common Causes and Clinical Approach

Blood pressure can suddenly increase from one week to the next due to multiple factors, with cold weather exposure, medication nonadherence, and substance use being the most common reversible causes, while sudden deterioration in previously controlled hypertension warrants immediate evaluation for secondary causes. 1

Environmental and Lifestyle Triggers

Cold Weather Effects

• Cold snaps directly elevate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and sympathetic nervous system activation, which is a well-recognized phenomenon that can cause acute BP increases of 5-10 mmHg or more 2
• Winter months consistently show higher cardiovascular event rates related to cold-induced BP elevation 2

Medication Nonadherence

• Approximately 50% of patients with apparent "resistant hypertension" actually have pseudoresistance due to poor medication adherence rather than true treatment failure 1
• Skipping even a few doses can cause rebound hypertension, particularly with beta-blockers and clonidine 1
• Limited access to healthcare and medication nonadherence frequently contribute to sudden BP escalations 1

Substance-Induced Hypertension

NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) increase BP by 3/1 mmHg and directly antagonize the effects of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta-blockers 2

Common BP-elevating substances include:

• Decongestants (phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine) - available over-the-counter and frequently overlooked 1
• Excessive alcohol intake - can raise systolic BP by 7.2 mmHg and diastolic by 6.6 mmHg 2
• High dietary sodium - particularly problematic in salt-sensitive individuals 2, 3
• Caffeine - causes acute BP increases, though long-term use shows less effect 1
• Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), and antidepressants (SNRIs) 1, 2

When to Suspect Secondary Hypertension

Sudden deterioration in previously controlled BP mandates screening for secondary causes, as this pattern suggests a new underlying pathology rather than essential hypertension progression 1

Red Flags Requiring Investigation

• Sudden onset or worsening of hypertension after age 55 years 1, 4
• Resistant hypertension (BP >140/90 mmHg on 3+ medications including a diuretic) 1
• Unprovoked hypokalemia (potassium <3.5 mEq/L without diuretic use) 1
• Acute renal function deterioration 1
• New symptoms: snoring/daytime sleepiness, headaches with palpitations, or weight gain with striae 1

Most Common Secondary Causes

Obstructive sleep apnea affects 83% of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension and is frequently undiagnosed 2

Other important causes:

• Primary aldosteronism - present in 20% of resistant hypertension cases 1, 2
• Renovascular disease - represents 2% of adult hypertension, more common in older adults 2, 4
• Renal parenchymal disease - suggested by elevated creatinine or abnormal urinalysis 1, 4
• Thyroid disease - check TSH in all patients with sudden BP changes 1

Immediate Clinical Assessment

History Focus

• Medication review: specifically ask about NSAIDs, decongestants, herbal supplements, and adherence to prescribed antihypertensives 1
• Recent lifestyle changes: cold exposure, increased salt intake, alcohol consumption, weight gain 2, 3
• New symptoms: snoring, morning headaches, muscle weakness, palpitations, or anxiety attacks 1

Physical Examination Priorities

• Repeat BP measurement using proper technique to exclude white coat effect or measurement error 1, 5
• Check for target organ damage: fundoscopy for retinal hemorrhages/papilledema, cardiac examination for S4 gallop, peripheral pulses for coarctation 1
• Look for secondary cause clues: abdominal bruit (renovascular), truncal obesity with striae (Cushing), enlarged thyroid 1, 4

Initial Laboratory Workup

Basic screening should include: serum creatinine with eGFR, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), TSH, fasting glucose or HbA1c, and urinalysis 1

• Unprovoked hypokalemia (<4.5 mEq/L) warrants aldosterone:renin ratio testing for primary aldosteronism 1
• Elevated creatinine or proteinuria suggests renal parenchymal disease or renovascular hypertension 1, 4

Management Strategy

For Sudden BP Elevation Without Target Organ Damage

Gradual BP reduction over 24-48 hours with oral medications is appropriate; avoid rapid reduction which can cause cerebral, renal, or coronary ischemia 5

• Restart or intensify existing antihypertensive regimen 1, 5
• Eliminate BP-raising substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, excessive alcohol) 1, 2
• Schedule follow-up within 2-4 weeks to assess response 5

For Suspected Secondary Hypertension

Refer to hypertension specialist or endocrinologist when screening tests suggest secondary causes, as diagnosis requires specialized expertise and complex testing 1

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not assume all BP increases represent treatment failure; systematically exclude pseudoresistance (poor adherence, white coat effect, substance use) before escalating therapy 1
• Do not overlook over-the-counter medications and supplements; patients often fail to report these as "medications" 1
• Do not rapidly lower BP in chronic hypertension; patients with longstanding hypertension have altered autoregulation and require gradual reduction 5
• Do not miss sleep apnea; specifically ask about snoring, witnessed apneas, and daytime sleepiness in all patients with resistant hypertension 1, 2
• Do not ignore sudden BP increases in previously controlled patients; this pattern mandates evaluation for secondary causes or new medication/substance use 1