From the Research
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is a common childhood viral infection caused by parvovirus B19 that typically presents with a distinctive "slapped cheek" rash on the face, followed by a lacy red rash on the trunk and limbs, and most cases are mild and self-limiting, requiring only symptomatic treatment with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and discomfort, as supported by the most recent study 1. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets, so good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals can help prevent transmission. Some key points to consider in the management of fifth disease include:
- Rest, adequate hydration, and avoiding excessive physical activity during the illness are recommended
- The virus initially causes mild flu-like symptoms before the characteristic rash appears, and by the time the rash develops, the person is usually no longer contagious
- While most people recover completely within 1-3 weeks, the infection can be concerning for pregnant women, individuals with certain blood disorders like sickle cell anemia, or those with compromised immune systems, who should seek medical attention if exposed or infected, as highlighted in studies 2, 3, 4, 5
- In severe cases, such as those involving compromised hosts or fetal infection, treatment may include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, as shown in a recent case report 2
- The name "fifth disease" comes from its historical classification as the fifth in a list of common childhood rash-causing illnesses. It is essential to note that parvovirus B19 infection can lead to severe complications, including transient aplastic crisis, chronic anemia, and hydrops fetalis, particularly in high-risk individuals, and therefore, early recognition and prompt management are crucial for improving patient outcomes, as emphasized in a comprehensive review 1.