From the Research
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is a common childhood viral infection caused by parvovirus B19 that typically presents with a distinctive "slapped cheek" rash and is usually self-limiting, but can have severe complications in pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals, and those with certain blood disorders. The illness usually resolves within 1-3 weeks without complications, but special precautions are needed for high-risk groups, as the virus can temporarily suppress red blood cell production, which is particularly concerning for people with hemolytic anemias 1. Some key points to consider in the management of fifth disease include:
- The virus spreads through respiratory secretions and is most contagious before the rash appears, so isolation precautions should be taken to prevent transmission to high-risk individuals 2.
- Pregnant women exposed to the virus should consult their healthcare provider as there is a small risk of miscarriage or fetal anemia if infection occurs during pregnancy, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be considered as a treatment option in severe cases 3, 4.
- Immunocompromised individuals and those with certain blood disorders may require more aggressive treatment, including IVIG and supportive care, to manage complications such as anemia and aplastic crisis 5, 1.
- Rest and adequate fluid intake are recommended to help manage symptoms, and acetaminophen or ibuprofen can be used to relieve fever and discomfort 1, 2. Overall, while fifth disease is typically a mild illness, it is essential to be aware of the potential complications and take steps to prevent transmission and manage symptoms in high-risk individuals.