From the Research
Fifth disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is a common childhood viral infection caused by parvovirus B19 that typically presents with a distinctive "slapped cheek" rash and is usually self-limiting, requiring only symptomatic treatment. The disease spreads through respiratory secretions and is most contagious before the rash appears 1. Most people recover completely within 1-3 weeks without complications. However, fifth disease can cause serious complications in pregnant women, people with certain blood disorders like sickle cell disease, or those with compromised immune systems, as it can infect red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow, temporarily reducing red blood cell production 2.
Key Considerations
- The prognosis of patients with parvovirus infection is generally good, except for the potential of neonatal death due to fetal hydrops 3.
- Treatment strategies may include supportive care, analgesic medications, transfusions with red blood cells or administration of intravenous immunoglobulin, depending on the clinical circumstances 3.
- Adults should take standard doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and discomfort, while children should receive age-appropriate doses.
- Rest and adequate fluid intake are also important for recovery.
High-Risk Groups
- Pregnant women should contact their healthcare provider immediately if exposed to or experiencing symptoms of fifth disease, as acute infection in pregnancy can cause B19 infection in the fetus, leading to nonimmune fetal hydrops or fetal loss 2.
- People with certain blood disorders like sickle cell disease, or those with compromised immune systems, should also seek immediate medical attention if symptoms occur.
Diagnosis and Prevention
- The diagnosis of B19 infection may be established on clinical grounds but often requires confirmation with serum antibody testing 3.
- Susceptibility to parvovirus B19 infection should be determined in selected pregnant women at high risk for exposure, and counseling should be provided regarding prevention, testing, and treatment options if exposed 2.