What is the best course of action for a 56-year-old male with stage IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and multiple comorbidities, presenting with worsening recurrent abdominal pain, intractable nausea and vomiting, and new-onset soreness around the chest area?

Immediate Management of Acute Presentation in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer with Intractable Vomiting

This patient requires immediate ED workup for bowel obstruction (complete vs. incomplete), cardiac evaluation given new chest soreness with vomiting, and aggressive antiemetic therapy with IV ondansetron or haloperidol while NPO with IV hydration. 1, 2

Critical Initial Assessment

Rule Out Life-Threatening Complications

• Obtain urgent CT abdomen/pelvis with IV contrast to evaluate for complete bowel obstruction (small bowel obstruction from metastases, adhesions, or tumor progression), which requires emergency surgical consultation 1
• Obtain ECG and troponin given new "soreness around the heart area" coinciding with severe vomiting in a patient with known HFrEF (LVEF 30-35%) and recent atrial fibrillation—this could represent cardiac ischemia, especially with severe electrolyte derangements from vomiting 1
• Check comprehensive metabolic panel including electrolytes (particularly potassium given history of hypokalemia), renal function, calcium (hypercalcemia causes nausea/vomiting in cancer patients), and glucose (given poorly controlled diabetes with A1c ~9%) 1

Distinguish Obstruction Type

• Complete obstruction presents with absolute constipation, distended abdomen, and regular vomiting—this is a surgical emergency requiring immediate surgical consultation 1
• Incomplete/partial obstruction causes intermittent colicky pain worse after eating and intermittent vomiting—can be managed medically initially 1
• Gastric outlet obstruction from pancreatic head tumor causes early satiety, postprandial vomiting, and epigastric fullness—occurs in 10-25% of pancreatic cancer patients 2, 3

Immediate Symptomatic Management

Antiemetic Therapy (Patient Currently NPO)

First-line IV antiemetics for cancer-related nausea/vomiting:

• Ondansetron 8-16 mg IV (5-HT3 antagonist)—FDA-approved for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting and highly effective for cancer-related emesis 1, 4
• Alternative: Haloperidol 0.5-2 mg IV/SC (dopamine antagonist)—particularly effective for non-specific cancer-related nausea and can be given as continuous infusion if needed 1
• Add dexamethasone 4-8 mg IV if nausea persists—corticosteroids are synergistic with other antiemetics and particularly useful in bowel obstruction scenarios 1

Around-the-clock scheduled dosing provides greater benefit than PRN dosing in cancer patients with persistent symptoms 1

Fluid Resuscitation and NPO Status

• Initiate IV crystalloid resuscitation given >10 episodes of vomiting with inability to tolerate any PO intake 1
• Keep strictly NPO until obstruction is ruled out and vomiting controlled 1
• Avoid nasogastric tube placement unless there is radiographic evidence of complete obstruction with massive gastric distension—NG tubes are overused and should only be placed when truly indicated 1, 2

Etiology-Specific Management Based on Imaging

If Gastric Outlet/Duodenal Obstruction Confirmed

• Endoscopic duodenal stent placement is first-line for symptomatic obstruction, providing relief in the majority of patients with median stent patency of 6 months 2, 3
• Metoclopramide 10-20 mg IV q6h (prokinetic) for incomplete obstruction or delayed gastric emptying without complete obstruction 1, 2, 3
• Consider laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy if life expectancy >3-6 months, as it provides more durable palliation than stenting 2, 3

If Malignant Bowel Obstruction (Small Bowel)

• Dexamethasone 4-8 mg IV TID-QID to reduce peritumoral edema 1
• Octreotide 100-200 mcg SC TID to reduce GI secretions and relieve obstructive symptoms 1
• Avoid nasogastric tube unless patient specifically requests trial and other measures fail—palliative venting gastrostomy is superior if frequent decompression needed 1

If No Obstruction: Consider Other Etiologies

• Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency causes gas, bloating, nausea—initiate pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (pancrelipase) with every meal once tolerating PO 2, 3
• Opioid-induced gastroparesis from chronic Dilaudid/oxycodone—consider metoclopramide 10-20 mg q6h and evaluate for opioid rotation 1
• Constipation/fecal impaction can cause nausea and vomiting (overflow)—perform rectal exam and consider suppositories/enemas if impacted 1
• Hypercalcemia from malignancy causes severe nausea—check calcium and treat with IV fluids and bisphosphonates if elevated 1

Pain Management Optimization

Reassess Current Opioid Regimen

• Patient on Dilaudid q12h plus oxycodone daily but still reporting 10/10 pain—this indicates inadequate pain control 3, 5, 6
• Consider opioid rotation if current regimen ineffective or causing intolerable side effects (nausea, constipation) 1, 3
• Ensure scheduled around-the-clock dosing rather than PRN for chronic cancer pain 3, 5, 6

Adjuvant Pain Interventions

• Patient had celiac plexus block with only partial relief (L side only)—consider repeat block or neurolysis for better bilateral coverage, as early intervention provides better pain control and reduced opioid consumption 3
• Add neuropathic pain adjuvants (gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine) given tumor proximity to celiac axis causing neuropathic component 3

Disposition and Follow-Up

Admission Criteria (This Patient Meets Multiple)

• Intractable vomiting with inability to tolerate PO 1
• Severe uncontrolled pain (10/10) 3
• New cardiac symptoms requiring evaluation 1
• Potential bowel obstruction requiring imaging and monitoring 1

Palliative Care Consultation

Formal palliative care consultation should occur during this admission given stage IV disease with multiple severe symptoms impacting quality of life—comprehensive symptom management significantly improves outcomes in this population 3

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not assume symptoms are purely tumor-related without evaluating treatable causes like pancreatic insufficiency (responds to enzyme replacement), constipation, hypercalcemia, or cardiac ischemia 2, 3
• Do not place NG tube reflexively—delayed gastric emptying is over-diagnosed and tubes should only be used for confirmed complete obstruction with patient consent after other measures fail 1, 2
• Do not overlook cardiac evaluation in a patient with new chest soreness, severe vomiting (causing electrolyte shifts), HFrEF, and recent atrial fibrillation 1
• Do not continue ineffective opioid regimen—10/10 pain despite scheduled opioids indicates need for dose escalation, rotation, or interventional procedures 3
• Do not delay imaging—CT is essential to distinguish obstruction types and guide management 1