What are the necessary preoperative evaluations and considerations for cardiopulmonary (CP) clearance in an older adult patient with a history of cardiopulmonary issues, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma, undergoing cataract surgery?

Preoperative Cardiopulmonary Clearance for Cataract Surgery

Routine preoperative medical evaluation and testing are not necessary for cataract surgery, even in patients with stable cardiopulmonary disease, as three randomized trials have demonstrated no reduction in systemic or ocular complications with such evaluations. 1

Key Principle: Cataract Surgery is Low-Risk

Cataract surgery is an extremely low-risk procedure performed under topical or local anesthesia with minimal systemic stress. 2 The 90-day mortality rate after cataract surgery is only 7.1 per 1000 patients, even in high-risk populations. 3 Avoid using the phrase "cleared for surgery"—instead, document cardiovascular and pulmonary stability and provide specific recommendations for medication optimization. 2, 4

When Preoperative Medical Evaluation May Be Considered

For patients with certain severe, unstable systemic diseases, a preoperative medical evaluation by their primary care physician may be considered, but this is the exception, not the rule. 1 These specific conditions include:

• Unstable cardiac conditions (unstable angina, recent MI within 30 days, decompensated heart failure, high-grade AV block, uncontrolled arrhythmias, severe symptomatic aortic stenosis) 1
• Poorly controlled hypertension (though stable Stage 1-2 hypertension does not require additional testing) 2
• Recent myocardial infarction (within 6 months warrants documentation and stability assessment) 4
• Poorly controlled congestive heart failure 1
• Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus 1
• Active pulmonary infection requiring antibiotics and potential surgery delay 1

Management of Specific Cardiopulmonary Conditions

COPD and Asthma

COPD does not independently increase perioperative cardiac risk for cataract surgery and does not require special cardiac risk assessment beyond ensuring pulmonary medication optimization. 1, 2 The primary concern is postoperative pulmonary complications, not cardiac events. 1

Continue all bronchodilators (beta-agonists and anticholinergics) through the day of surgery. 1 Patients with COPD should have their respiratory medications optimized preoperatively to minimize respiratory complications. 2, 4

• Document COPD severity, current symptoms, and recent exacerbations 4
• Ensure adequate treatment with inhaled medications 5
• Note that introducing or optimizing COPD treatment preoperatively significantly reduces postoperative pulmonary complications 5
• Cataract surgery was specifically excluded from studies showing increased pulmonary complications in COPD patients, reinforcing its low-risk nature 5

Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure

Patients with stable, asymptomatic coronary artery disease can undergo cataract surgery without additional cardiac testing. 2 The focus should be on medication optimization rather than additional testing.

Optimize and continue cardiac medications through the perioperative period, including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and statins as indicated. 2, 4

• Document functional capacity (ability to climb 2 flights of stairs or perform 4 METs of activity) 1, 4
• Assess for active cardiac conditions that would require stabilization before elective surgery 1
• Note heart failure NYHA class and any recent decompensation 4
• Document presence of pacemaker or ICD 1, 4

What Testing is NOT Indicated

Routine preoperative laboratory testing is not indicated for cataract surgery. 1 A large prospective randomized trial demonstrated that routine medical testing did not reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. 1

• No routine ECG, chest X-ray, or cardiac stress testing 1
• No routine complete blood count, metabolic panel, or coagulation studies 1
• No routine pulmonary function testing 1
• No postoperative troponin measurement in asymptomatic stable patients 2

Directed Testing (Only When Clinically Indicated)

Obtain directed testing only if specific clinical conditions warrant it:

• Hemoglobin if patient is over 75 years old or has known anemia symptoms 6
• Renal function (eGFR) if patient has known kidney disease or takes medications requiring renal dose adjustment 6
• Glucose if patient has diabetes requiring perioperative management adjustment 6

Anesthesia Considerations

Topical or local anesthesia is recommended for cataract surgery to minimize systemic stress, with standard ASA monitoring sufficient—no enhanced cardiac monitoring is required. 2

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not delay surgery for extensive cardiac workup in stable patients—this exposes patients to unnecessary testing risks without benefit 1
• Do not discontinue beta-blockers in patients with heart disease—continue them perioperatively 2
• Do not withhold beta-blockers in patients with COPD or asthma—cardioselective agents can be used safely, and the mortality benefit outweighs concerns 7
• Do not order "routine" preoperative labs—this practice persists despite strong evidence against it 1
• Do not use vague language like "cleared for surgery"—provide specific documentation of stability and medication recommendations 2, 4

Documentation Recommendations

Your preoperative assessment should document:

• Cardiovascular stability and absence of active cardiac conditions 2, 4
• Current cardiac and pulmonary medications with plan to continue through surgery 2, 4
• COPD status and optimization of respiratory medications 4
• Functional capacity assessment 1, 4
• Any specific perioperative medication adjustments needed 2, 4