What are the clinical grading systems for knee osteoarthritis and how do they guide management?

Clinical Grading of Knee Osteoarthritis

Use the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading system as your primary radiographic classification tool, but recognize that radiographic severity correlates poorly with clinical symptoms and should never be the sole determinant of treatment decisions. 1, 2, 3

Primary Radiographic Grading System

Kellgren-Lawrence Classification (Most Widely Used)

The K-L system grades knee OA from 0-4 based on radiographic features, though it overemphasizes osteophytes relative to joint space narrowing 1, 3:

• Grade 0: No radiographic features of OA 3
• Grade 1: Doubtful joint space narrowing and possible osteophytic lipping 3
• Grade 2: Definite osteophytes and possible joint space narrowing 3
• Grade 3: Moderate multiple osteophytes, definite joint space narrowing, some sclerosis, and possible bony deformity 3
• Grade 4: Large osteophytes, marked joint space narrowing, severe sclerosis, and definite bony deformity 3

Alternative Ahlbäck Classification

This system grades severity from I-V and is commonly used in surgical planning, particularly for total knee arthroplasty 2:

• Grade I: Joint space narrowing <50% 2
• Grade II: Joint space obliteration 2
• Grade III: Minor bone attrition (0-5mm) 2
• Grade IV: Moderate bone attrition (5-10mm) 2
• Grade V: Severe bone attrition (>10mm) 2

Critical Pitfall: Radiographic-Clinical Discordance

The most important clinical caveat is that radiographic severity does not reliably predict symptom severity or functional limitation. 1, 2

• In patients with normal radiographs by K-L criteria, 41% (7 of 17) had advanced articular cartilage degeneration visible at arthroscopy 1
• The difference in clinical scores (HSS) between Ahlbäck grade I and grade V was only 9.56 points—a clinically minimal difference despite representing the full spectrum of radiographic severity 2
• Approximately 50% of patients meeting traditional radiographic criteria for OA are completely asymptomatic 4
• Joint space narrowing commonly occurs even with normal articular cartilage 1

How Grading Should Guide Management

Treatment Selection Based on Clinical Status, Not Radiographic Grade

Base treatment decisions on pain severity, functional limitation, and quality of life impact—not on radiographic grade alone. 5, 6

Initial Management (All Radiographic Grades with Symptoms)

• Patient education about OA and self-management programs 5, 7
• Exercise programs (land-based and aquatic) to reduce pain and improve function 6
• Weight loss for overweight/obese patients (even modest weight loss significantly improves outcomes) 6
• Acetaminophen up to 3,000-4,000 mg/day as first-line pharmacological therapy 6, 7

Progressive Pharmacological Management

• Topical NSAIDs if inadequate response to acetaminophen, particularly for patients with comorbidities 6, 7
• Oral NSAIDs as mainstay of pharmacologic treatment (strongest evidence), using COX-2 selective agents with gastroprotection at lowest effective dose 6, 7
• Intra-articular corticosteroid injections for acute pain flares, especially with effusion, limiting to 3-4 injections per year 6

Advanced Interventions for Refractory Symptoms

• Total knee arthroplasty should be considered for severe symptoms unresponsive to conservative management, regardless of radiographic grade 6
• Recent data shows patients undergoing TKA in later years were older with lower Ahlbäck grades, indicating shift toward clinical rather than radiographic criteria 2

Surgical Timing Considerations

Do not delay surgical intervention in patients with severe functional limitation and poor quality of life simply because radiographic changes are "not severe enough." 2

• Surgical indication should be based on pain, clinical status, and quality of life deterioration—not radiographic appearance 2
• Preoperative optimization of comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia) is essential before TKA 6

Imaging Recommendations

• Plain radiography is sufficient for known or suspected OA; obtain weight-bearing AP, lateral, sunrise/Merchant, and tunnel views 7, 8, 9
• MRI should be reserved for specific indications when diagnosis is unclear or alternative pathology is suspected 7, 3
• Weight-bearing films improve diagnostic accuracy compared to non-weight-bearing views 9

Key Clinical Principle

The goal of grading is to document structural changes, but treatment algorithms must prioritize symptom relief, functional improvement, and quality of life enhancement over achieving correlation between radiographic grade and intervention intensity. 5, 6