Can Parkinson's disease medications, such as levodopa/carbidopa, dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine), MAO‑B inhibitors (monoamine oxidase B inhibitors) (selegiline, rasagiline), COMT inhibitors (catechol‑O‑methyltransferase inhibitors) (entacapone, tolcapone), amantadine, or anticholinergics, cause diarrhea in older adults?

Can Parkinson Medication Lead to Diarrhea?

Yes, Parkinson's disease medications commonly cause diarrhea as a recognized side effect, with multiple drug classes implicated including levodopa, dopamine agonists, COMT inhibitors, and cholinesterase inhibitors used for associated dementia.

Medications Most Likely to Cause Diarrhea

Levodopa/Carbidopa

• Levodopa is explicitly associated with diarrhea as a gastrointestinal side effect, along with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation, dry mouth, and anorexia 1, 2.
• The ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in neurology specifically recommends monitoring side effects of PD drugs that influence nutritional status, listing diarrhea among the common gastrointestinal adverse effects 1.
• These gastrointestinal effects can significantly impact nutritional status and contribute to weight loss in PD patients 1.

Dopamine Agonists (Pramipexole, Ropinirole)

• Animal studies demonstrate that dopamine agonists (pramipexole and ropinirole combined with levodopa-carbidopa) significantly reduce small intestinal motility and increase bacterial overgrowth in the distal small intestine 3.
• This altered motility can lead to gastrointestinal dysfunction including diarrhea, though the mechanism differs from levodopa's direct effects 3.

COMT Inhibitors (Entacapone, Tolcapone)

• While not explicitly detailed in the provided guidelines, COMT inhibitors are part of the broader category of PD medications associated with gastrointestinal side effects 1.

Cholinesterase Inhibitors (for PD-Related Dementia)

• Donepezil and galantamine, used for mild to moderate dementia in PD patients, cause diarrhea as a primary adverse effect, along with nausea, vomiting, and nightmares 1.
• The Mayo Clinic polypharmacy guideline specifically lists diarrhea among the adverse effects of these medications 1.

Clinical Context and Monitoring

Why This Matters

• Drug-induced diarrhea accounts for approximately 7% of all drug adverse effects, with over 700 medications implicated 4.
• In PD patients, distinguishing medication-induced diarrhea from disease-related gastrointestinal dysfunction is crucial, as PD itself affects the entire gastrointestinal tract 5.

Monitoring Recommendations

• The ESPEN guideline strongly recommends monitoring side effects and nutritional status in PD patients, intervening on an individually tailored basis 1.
• Pay particular attention to:
  • Onset timing relative to medication initiation or dose changes 4
  • Severity indicators: fever, bloody stools, dehydration, weight loss 6
  • Impact on nutritional status and medication absorption 1

Important Clinical Pitfalls

Medication Absorption Issues

• Diarrhea can impair levodopa absorption, which already depends on erratic gastric emptying in PD patients 7.
• Certain gut bacteria (Lactobacillus species) correlate negatively with levodopa levels in systemic circulation, potentially worsened by medication-induced changes in gut microbiota 3.

Differential Diagnosis Considerations

• Rule out fecal impaction first - perform digital rectal examination, as constipation with overflow diarrhea is common in PD 6.
• Consider infectious causes, particularly if recent antibiotic use for other conditions 8.
• Evaluate for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which is common in PD and worsened by dopamine agonists 5, 3.

Anticholinergics Paradox

• While anticholinergics (sometimes used in PD) typically cause constipation, the Infectious Diseases Society of America warns that anticholinergic use may increase risk of severe outcomes from infectious diarrhea (C. difficile, C. perfringens) 6.
• This is particularly relevant in older PD patients who may be on multiple medications 1, 6.

Management Approach

When Diarrhea Occurs

1. Assess severity: Check for dehydration, bloody stools, fever, and weight loss 6.
2. Review medication timing: Determine if diarrhea started after medication initiation or dose increase 4.
3. Consider dose adjustment or medication suspension when possible, balancing motor symptom control against gastrointestinal tolerability 1.
4. Optimize nutritional support: Address malnutrition risk, particularly with levodopa use 1.

Special Considerations for Older Adults

• Elderly PD patients have higher risk due to decreased gastric acid production, reduced immune function, and polypharmacy 8.
• Multiple medications increase cumulative risk of gastrointestinal side effects 1.