How is the brachial plexus divided?

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División del Plexo Braquial

El plexo braquial se divide en cinco segmentos anatómicos secuenciales: raíces, troncos, divisiones, cordones y ramas terminales. 1

Organización Anatómica Secuencial

1. Raíces

  • Las raíces están formadas por los ramos ventrales de los nervios espinales C5, C6, C7, C8 y T1 1
  • Ocasionalmente pueden existir contribuciones de C4 (plexo prefijado) y/o T2 (plexo postfijado), aunque son menos comunes 2
  • Las raíces nerviosas pasan entre los músculos escaleno anterior y medio junto con la arteria subclavia 1

2. Troncos

  • Las raíces se unen para formar tres troncos 1:
    • Tronco superior: formado por C5 y C6
    • Tronco medio: continuación de C7
    • Tronco inferior: formado por C8 y T1 2
  • La configuración regular de raíces formando troncos se identifica en el 84% de los casos 3

3. Divisiones

  • Cada uno de los tres troncos se divide en dos ramas 1:
    • Divisiones anteriores: tres divisiones que se dirigen hacia la parte anterior
    • Divisiones posteriores: tres divisiones que se dirigen hacia la parte posterior
  • Esta configuración regular se observa en el 96% de los casos 3

4. Cordones

  • Las divisiones se reorganizan para formar tres cordones que viajan con la arteria y vena subclavia en la región infraclavicular 1:
    • Cordón lateral: formado por las divisiones anteriores de los troncos superior y medio
    • Cordón posterior: formado por las tres divisiones posteriores
    • Cordón medial: continuación de la división anterior del tronco inferior 2

5. Ramas Terminales

  • Los cordones forman las ramas terminales en el margen lateral del músculo pectoral menor y continúan a través de la axila 1
  • Las cinco ramas terminales principales son: nervio musculocutáneo, nervio mediano, nervio axilar, nervio radial y nervio cubital (ulnar) 4
  • El nervio cubital surge del cordón medial como una de sus ramas terminales en la región infraclavicular 2

Consideraciones Clínicas Importantes

Variaciones Anatómicas

  • Las variaciones son comunes debido a la complejidad de múltiples raíces nerviosas y ramas 5
  • La prevalencia del plexo prefijado es del 11% y del plexo postfijado es del 1% 3
  • Ramas comunicantes adicionales entre los componentes del plexo aparecen en el 5% de los casos 3

Relevancia Diagnóstica y Terapéutica

  • El conocimiento preciso de esta división es fundamental para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de plexopatías 1
  • Es esencial diferenciar entre lesiones preganglionares (raíz nerviosa) y posganglionares (plexo) ya que los enfoques de tratamiento difieren significativamente 1, 2
  • Este conocimiento es crítico para bloqueos nerviosos interescalénicos, procedimientos quirúrgicos del cuello y hombro, e interpretación de estudios de imagen 5

References

Guideline

Anatomía y Patologías del Plexo Braquial

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Ulnar Nerve Root Origins in the Brachial Plexus

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

A meta-analysis on the anatomical variability of the brachial plexus: Part I - Roots, trunks, divisions and cords.

Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft, 2021

Research

Brachial Plexus Injuries - Review of the Anatomy and the Treatment Options.

Prilozi (Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite. Oddelenie za medicinski nauki), 2021

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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