How should diabetes be diagnosed in a patient who also has anemia?

Diagnosing Diabetes in Patients with Anemia

In patients with anemia, avoid HbA1c entirely and diagnose diabetes using plasma glucose criteria: fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test ≥200 mg/dL. 1

Why HbA1c Is Unreliable in Anemia

Anemia fundamentally alters the relationship between HbA1c and actual glycemic burden, making it unsuitable for diagnosis:

• Increased red blood cell turnover in anemia causes falsely low HbA1c values that underestimate true glucose exposure 1
• Iron deficiency anemia specifically produces the opposite effect—spuriously elevated HbA1c values without corresponding hyperglycemia, potentially leading to false-positive diabetes diagnoses 2
• The American Diabetes Association explicitly states that in conditions with altered red cell turnover, only plasma blood glucose criteria should be used to diagnose diabetes 1

Recommended Diagnostic Approach

Step 1: Identify the Presence of Anemia

Before attempting diabetes diagnosis, confirm whether anemia exists and determine its type:

• Check complete blood count with hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and red cell indices 2
• Assess iron studies (ferritin, transferrin saturation) to distinguish iron deficiency from other causes 2, 3
• Consider recent blood loss, transfusion, hemolysis, or erythropoietin therapy as additional confounders 1

Step 2: Use Plasma Glucose Criteria Exclusively

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG):

• Obtain after ≥8 hours of no caloric intake 1
• Diabetes is diagnosed when FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) 1
• Critical technical requirement: Samples must be centrifuged and plasma separated immediately after collection to prevent glycolysis-induced falsely low readings 1

2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT):

• Administer 75 grams of anhydrous glucose dissolved in water 1
• Diabetes is diagnosed when 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) 1
• Patients must consume at least 150 grams of carbohydrate daily for 3 days prior to testing to avoid falsely elevated results from carbohydrate restriction 1

Random plasma glucose:

• In patients with classic hyperglycemia symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss), a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) confirms diabetes without need for repeat testing 1

Step 3: Confirm the Diagnosis

Unless the patient presents with hyperglycemic crisis or classic symptoms with random glucose ≥200 mg/dL, repeat the same glucose test to confirm diabetes 1:

• If both FPG results are ≥126 mg/dL, diabetes is confirmed 1
• If both 2-hour OGTT results are ≥200 mg/dL, diabetes is confirmed 1
• Alternatively, if FPG ≥126 mg/dL and 2-hour OGTT ≥200 mg/dL on initial testing, diabetes is confirmed without repeat testing 1

When Can HbA1c Be Used?

After anemia correction:

• Once hemoglobin normalizes and red cell turnover stabilizes, HbA1c may be used for diagnosis after waiting 3–4 months to allow complete red cell turnover 1
• This waiting period ensures that newly produced red cells reflect the patient's true glycemic exposure 1

In sickle cell trait (not disease):

• Patients with sickle cell trait may have HbA1c measured using assays specifically validated to be free from HbS interference 4
• Check the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) website for updated lists of interference-free assays 4
• Even with appropriate assays, HbA1c may read approximately 0.3% lower than actual glycemic burden 1, 4

Special Considerations by Anemia Type

Iron deficiency anemia:

• Produces falsely elevated HbA1c values, potentially causing overdiagnosis of diabetes 2
• Correction with oral iron supplementation normalizes HbA1c values 5
• Never diagnose diabetes based on HbA1c in iron deficiency—use glucose criteria exclusively 2

Hemolytic anemia, recent blood loss/transfusion, erythropoietin therapy:

• All cause falsely low HbA1c values, potentially missing diabetes 1
• Use glucose criteria exclusively in these settings 1

Sickle cell disease:

• Patients completely lack HbA, making HbA1c measurement impossible 4
• Use fructosamine for ongoing glycemic monitoring and plasma glucose for diagnosis 4

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Never use point-of-care HbA1c devices for diagnosis in any patient; they lack sufficient accuracy even in the absence of anemia 1
• Do not assume a "normal" HbA1c rules out diabetes in anemic patients—the value may be falsely low 1
• Do not delay diabetes diagnosis while waiting to correct anemia; use glucose criteria immediately 1
• Marked discordance between HbA1c and plasma glucose should always prompt investigation for anemia or hemoglobinopathy 1
• For patients with borderline glucose values near diagnostic thresholds, arrange close follow-up and repeat testing in 3–6 months 1

Algorithm Summary

1. Suspect or confirm anemia → Check CBC, iron studies, recent transfusion/blood loss history
2. If anemia present → Use only plasma glucose criteria (FPG or OGTT)
3. Obtain properly handled samples → Immediate centrifugation and separation
4. Confirm diagnosis → Repeat the same glucose test or use two different glucose tests above threshold
5. After anemia correction → Wait 3–4 months before considering HbA1c for monitoring