In an 88‑year‑old woman taking aripiprazole (Abilify) 5 mg at bedtime, clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily, donepezil (Aricept) 5 mg nightly, doxepin 6 mg nightly, and melatonin 10 mg nightly who experiences nighttime shaking, anxiety, insomnia, and pain, what mental‑health interventions are appropriate?

Mental Health Interventions for Nighttime Shaking, Anxiety, and Insomnia in an 88-Year-Old Woman

Immediate Medication Review and Discontinuation

The most critical intervention is to discontinue aripiprazole (Abilify) 5 mg immediately, as it is likely causing or exacerbating the nighttime shaking, anxiety, and insomnia through akathisia and activation effects. 1, 2

• Aripiprazole carries FDA warnings for increased agitation, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, and akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), particularly in elderly patients 1
• In elderly psychiatric inpatients, agitation/activation was the most frequently reported side effect (8%) of aripiprazole, with a median dose of only 5–10 mg 2
• The FDA explicitly warns that aripiprazole increases the risk of death in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis and should not be used in this population 1
• Nighttime shaking in this patient is highly consistent with aripiprazole-induced akathisia, which manifests as motor restlessness and can be subjectively distressing 1

Polypharmacy Reduction Strategy

This patient is receiving dangerous polypharmacy with three sedating agents simultaneously (clonidine, doxepin, melatonin), which creates additive CNS depression and increases fall risk without addressing the underlying problem. 3

• The combination of multiple sedating medications significantly increases risks of respiratory depression, cognitive impairment, falls, and fractures, especially in elderly patients 3
• Clonidine 0.1 mg BID is being used off-label for insomnia but lacks evidence for this indication and can cause rebound hypertension, bradycardia, and orthostatic hypotension in elderly patients 4
• Melatonin 10 mg is an excessive dose; guidelines recommend starting at 0.5–1.5 mg, and evidence shows only a 9-minute reduction in sleep latency with insufficient efficacy data 4, 3

Recommended Medication Algorithm

Step 1: Discontinue Aripiprazole Immediately

• Stop aripiprazole 5 mg at bedtime today; no taper is required at this low dose 1
• Monitor for withdrawal symptoms over 48–72 hours, though these are unlikely at 5 mg 1

Step 2: Optimize Existing Doxepin Dosing

• Increase doxepin from 6 mg to 3–6 mg range as first-line therapy for sleep-maintenance insomnia in elderly patients 3, 5, 6, 7
• Doxepin 3–6 mg reduces wake after sleep onset by 22–23 minutes, has minimal anticholinergic effects at hypnotic doses, and carries no abuse potential 3, 6, 7
• The current 6 mg dose is appropriate; maintain this dose and reassess after aripiprazole discontinuation 3, 5

Step 3: Discontinue Melatonin

• Stop melatonin 10 mg immediately; this dose is excessive and provides minimal benefit (only 9-minute reduction in sleep latency) 3
• Melatonin is not recommended by guidelines for primary insomnia due to insufficient evidence 3

Step 4: Taper and Discontinue Clonidine

• Gradually reduce clonidine 0.1 mg BID by 25% every 1–2 weeks to avoid rebound hypertension 3
• Clonidine is not a guideline-recommended agent for insomnia and adds unnecessary polypharmacy 4

Step 5: Continue Donepezil (Aricept)

• Maintain donepezil 5 mg nightly for cognitive support; this medication is appropriate for dementia management 4
• Donepezil may actually improve REM sleep behavior disorder symptoms in some patients 4

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

Initiate CBT-I immediately as the standard of care for chronic insomnia, which provides superior long-term outcomes compared to medication alone. 3, 5

• CBT-I includes stimulus control (use bed only for sleep, leave bed if unable to sleep within 20 minutes), sleep restriction (limit time in bed to actual sleep time plus 30 minutes), and cognitive restructuring 3
• Maintain a consistent wake-up time every morning (including weekends) and calculate a bedtime allowing 7–8 hours in bed 3
• Avoid screen time for at least 1 hour before bedtime and eliminate caffeine for at least 6 hours before bed 3
• CBT-I can be delivered via individual therapy, group sessions, telephone, web-based modules, or self-help books, all showing comparable efficacy 3

Pain Management Integration

Address the accompanying pain with appropriate analgesics, as untreated pain is a major contributor to insomnia and nocturnal awakenings. 3

• Assess pain severity, location, and character to guide analgesic selection 3
• Consider acetaminophen scheduled dosing (650 mg TID) as first-line for musculoskeletal pain in elderly patients 3
• Avoid NSAIDs due to increased GI bleeding, renal impairment, and cardiovascular risks in elderly patients 3
• If neuropathic pain is present, consider gabapentin 100–300 mg at bedtime, which also has mild sedative properties 4

Screening for Primary Sleep Disorders

Evaluate for obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and periodic limb movement disorder, as these require specific treatment beyond hypnotics. 3, 5

• Obtain a sleep history including witnessed apneas, snoring, morning headaches, and daytime sleepiness 3, 5
• Screen for restless legs syndrome (urge to move legs, worse at rest, relieved by movement, worse in evening) 3
• Consider polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing if clinical suspicion is high 3

Monitoring and Reassessment

Reassess sleep parameters, anxiety, shaking, and pain after 1–2 weeks of aripiprazole discontinuation and medication optimization. 3, 5

• Document sleep-onset latency, total sleep time, nocturnal awakenings, and daytime functioning 3
• Monitor for resolution of nighttime shaking and anxiety after aripiprazole discontinuation 1
• Assess for adverse effects including morning sedation, cognitive impairment, falls, and complex sleep behaviors 3
• If insomnia persists beyond 7–10 days despite appropriate treatment, evaluate for underlying sleep disorders 3

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not add another sedating medication (e.g., benzodiazepine, Z-drug, or antipsychotic) to the current regimen; this creates dangerous polypharmacy with additive CNS depression 3
• Do not continue aripiprazole despite its use for behavioral symptoms; the risks (akathisia, increased mortality, falls) far outweigh any potential benefit in this elderly patient 1, 2
• Do not use benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam, temazepam) in elderly patients due to high risk of dependence, falls, cognitive impairment, and associations with dementia and fractures 3, 5
• Do not prescribe over-the-counter antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine) due to strong anticholinergic effects causing confusion, urinary retention, falls, and delirium in elderly patients 3, 5
• Do not initiate pharmacotherapy without concurrent CBT-I, as behavioral therapy provides more durable benefits than medication alone 3, 5