What organisms are covered and not covered by clarithromycin?

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Last updated: February 26, 2026View editorial policy

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Clarithromycin Antimicrobial Coverage

Clarithromycin provides reliable coverage against most gram-positive cocci, atypical respiratory pathogens, and Mycobacterium avium complex, but has limited activity against gram-negative organisms (except H. influenzae when combined with its active metabolite) and no coverage against Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas species. 1

Organisms Covered by Clarithromycin

Gram-Positive Bacteria

  • Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strains only; methicillin-resistant strains are resistant to clarithromycin) 1
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (susceptible strains; macrolide resistance rates vary globally from <10% to >90%) 2, 1
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) 1, 3
  • Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) 1
  • Viridans group streptococci 1
  • Coagulase-negative staphylococci (susceptible strains) 2

Gram-Negative Bacteria (Limited Coverage)

  • Haemophilus influenzae - clarithromycin demonstrates enhanced activity when the parent drug combines with its 14-hydroxy metabolite in vivo, achieving intermediate susceptibility 1, 4, 5
  • Haemophilus parainfluenzae 1
  • Moraxella catarrhalis 1, 5
  • Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species 1, 4
  • Pasteurella multocida 1

Atypical Pathogens (Excellent Coverage)

  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae 1, 6
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae (formerly Chlamydia pneumoniae) 1, 4
  • Chlamydia trachomatis 4

Mycobacteria (Critical Coverage)

  • Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) - clarithromycin is the cornerstone of MAC treatment, with documented correlation between in vitro susceptibility and clinical response 2, 1
  • Mycobacterium intracellulare 1
  • Mycobacterium chelonae subspecies 4
  • Mycobacterium leprae 4
  • Mycobacterium marinum 4

Other Organisms

  • Helicobacter pylori (in combination therapy) 1, 4
  • Toxoplasma gondii 2
  • Borrelia burgdorferi 5

Anaerobes (Selected Coverage)

  • Clostridium perfringens 1
  • Peptococcus niger 1
  • Prevotella melaninogenica (formerly Bacteroides melaninogenicus) 1, 4
  • Propionibacterium acnes 1

Organisms NOT Covered by Clarithromycin

Gram-Negative Bacteria (No Coverage)

  • Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, etc.) - intrinsically resistant due to reduced outer membrane permeability 2
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa - intrinsically resistant 2
  • Acinetobacter species - intrinsically resistant 2
  • All other gram-negative enteric bacilli 2

Resistant Gram-Positive Organisms

  • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - most isolates are clarithromycin-resistant 1
  • Oxacillin-resistant staphylococci 1
  • Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - resistance mediated by erm genes causing 23S rRNA modification, with cross-resistance to all macrolides 2
  • Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes 2

Organisms with Acquired Resistance

  • Enterococcus species - not reliably covered 2
  • Mycobacterium avium complex with clarithromycin MIC ≥32 μg/mL (treatment failures/relapses) - these strains have point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene conferring cross-resistance to all macrolides 2

Critical Clinical Considerations

Resistance Mechanisms and Cross-Resistance

  • Clarithromycin resistance occurs through three main mechanisms: reduced permeability (gram-negatives), increased efflux (staphylococci), and ribosomal target modification via erm genes (streptococci, MAC) 2
  • Cross-resistance exists between clarithromycin and azithromycin - strains resistant to one macrolide are resistant to all macrolides 2, 5
  • Resistance may be co-inherited with resistance to lincosamides (clindamycin) when mediated by erm genes 2

Monotherapy Risks

  • Never use clarithromycin as monotherapy for MAC disease - this rapidly selects for resistance with MICs rising to ≥1024 μg/mL 2
  • In cystic fibrosis patients receiving azithromycin who culture NTM, discontinue the macrolide immediately to prevent resistance development 2
  • For MAC treatment, always combine clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) with ethambutol (15 mg/kg daily), with or without rifabutin 2

Geographic Resistance Patterns

  • Macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae varies dramatically by region (<10% to >90%), with higher rates where macrolide use is extensive 2
  • Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates frequently exhibit macrolide resistance (up to 70% in some US regions) 2

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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