From the Guidelines
A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a technology that enables people to control devices with their thoughts by establishing a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. BCIs work by detecting and interpreting brain signals, typically using sensors that measure electrical activity in the brain through methods like electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG), or implanted electrodes 1. These systems can be non-invasive, using external sensors placed on the scalp, or invasive, requiring surgical implantation of electrodes directly into brain tissue. BCIs have important applications in helping people with paralysis, locked-in syndrome, or other severe motor disabilities to communicate and interact with their environment. The technology translates neural activity into digital commands that can operate prosthetic limbs, control wheelchairs, type messages, or navigate computer interfaces.
Key Features of BCIs
- Non-invasive or invasive systems
- Use of EEG, ECoG, or implanted electrodes to measure brain activity
- Ability to control devices with thoughts
- Potential to improve quality of life for people with disabilities
Applications of BCIs
- Helping people with paralysis or locked-in syndrome to communicate
- Controlling prosthetic limbs or wheelchairs
- Typing messages or navigating computer interfaces
- Potential to enhance human cognitive capabilities in the future
While the current evidence on the use of BCIs in rehabilitation is limited, with some studies suggesting insufficient evidence to recommend for or against their use 1, the technology represents a promising frontier in neuroscience and biomedical engineering that could dramatically improve quality of life for people with disabilities. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and limitations of BCIs, as noted in studies on virtual reality and acquired brain injury rehabilitation 1.
From the Research
Definition of Brain-Computer Interface
- A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system that allows people to interact with external devices using brain activity, bypassing the dysfunctional motor system 2, 3.
- BCIs acquire brain signals, analyze them, and translate them into commands that are relayed to output devices to carry out desired actions 3.
Purpose of Brain-Computer Interface
- The main goal of BCI is to replace or restore useful function to people disabled by neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury 3.
- BCIs aim to provide a means of communication to paralyzed patients, particularly those in the locked-in state (LIS) or completely locked-in state (CLIS) 2.
Types of Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Invasive BCIs use implanted electrodes in brain tissue, while non-invasive BCIs use electrophysiological recordings such as electroencephalography (EEG) 3, 4.
- Other types of BCIs include functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based BCIs, which have shown promise for communication with late-stage ALS patients 5.