What is the list of enteroviruses (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan viruses)?

From the Guidelines

Enteroviruses are a diverse group of viruses that include polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and newer numbered enteroviruses, with notable types including EV-A71, EV-D68, and EV-70, which can cause a range of illnesses from mild fevers to severe conditions like meningitis, myocarditis, and paralysis. The main types of enteroviruses include:

• Polioviruses, which are classified within species C enteroviruses and include types 1,2, and 3 1
• Coxsackieviruses, which are divided into groups A and B, with group A having 24 serotypes, including A16, which causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, and group B having 6 serotypes that can cause myocarditis and pericarditis 1
• Echoviruses, which comprise 28 serotypes that can cause various illnesses from mild fevers to meningitis 1
• Newer numbered enteroviruses, including EV-D68, which is associated with respiratory illness, EV-A71, which is linked to neurological complications, and EV-70, which causes acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis 1 Enteroviruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and typically cause mild, self-limiting infections, but can occasionally lead to serious conditions, particularly in infants and young children 1. Some enteroviruses, such as EV-A71 and EV-D68, have been associated with outbreaks and significant morbidity and mortality, highlighting the importance of diagnosing and characterizing enterovirus infections 1. The detection and characterization of non-polio enteroviruses are crucial for investigating outbreaks and identifying the EV types involved, especially in patients with severe clinical presentations 1.

From the Research

Enteroviruses

• The term enteroviruses was introduced in 1957 to bring together polioviruses, Coxsackie A and B, and echoviruses, with over 60 distinct members recognized, including three polioviruses, 24 Coxsackie A, six Coxsackie B, and 30 echoviruses 2
• The enterovirus genus includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, enterovirus 71, and enterovirus D68 3
• Over 100 serotypes of enteroviruses are recognized, with the first to be discovered being the polioviruses 4, 5
• Enteroviruses can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, including non-specific febrile illness, aseptic meningitis, paralytic disease, respiratory infections, pericarditis, and myocarditis 2

Specific Types of Enteroviruses

• Polioviruses: almost gone from the world, but still a significant member of the enterovirus genus 4
• Coxsackieviruses: include Coxsackie A and B, with Coxsackie B being an important agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease 6
• Echoviruses: part of the enterovirus genus, with over 30 distinct members recognized 2
• Enterovirus 71 and Enterovirus D68: also part of the enterovirus genus, with Enterovirus 71 being a major cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease 3, 6

Classification and Discovery

• The enteroviruses constitute one of the genera of the picornavirus family, with a history of discovery dating back to the introduction of new methods for working with viruses 4, 5
• Albert Sabin was one of the main contributors to the discovery and classification of the enteroviruses, isolating several enterovirus types and establishing them as causative agents of human disease 5