Can herpes simplex virus encephalitis present with normal cerebrospinal fluid protein and cell counts?

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Last updated: September 28, 2026 • View editorial policy

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ヘルペス脳炎における正常な髄液所見の可能性

はい、ヘルペス脳炎でも蛋白数、細胞数が正常であることがあります。 成人のHSV脳炎患者の約5-10%で初回の髄液検査が完全に正常(細胞数増加なし、HSV PCR陰性)であることが報告されています 1。

重要な臨床的特徴

正常髄液所見の頻度と背景

  • **成人では5-10%**の確定HSV脳炎症例で初回髄液検査が正常です 1
  • 免疫不全患者や小児(特に乳児)ではさらに高頻度で正常所見を呈します 1
  • 特に**発症早期(<72時間)**に腰椎穿刺を行った場合に正常所見となりやすい 1
  • 脳照射後の患者では無細胞性の経過をとることがあります 2

臨床的対応のアルゴリズム

初回髄液検査が正常でもHSV脳炎を疑う場合:

  1. 24-48時間後に再度腰椎穿刺を実施してください 1

    • 初回正常でも2回目の検査で異常所見とHSV PCR陽性が検出される可能性が高い 1
  2. 以下の条件を全て満たす場合のみアシクロビル中止を検討できます 1, 3:

    • 発症72時間以降に採取した髄液でHSV PCR陰性
    • 意識レベル正常
    • MRI正常(発症72時間以降に撮影)
    • 髄液白血球数<5個/μL
  3. 2回連続でHSV PCR陰性(24-48時間間隔)かつMRIがHSV脳炎に非典型的な場合も中止可能です 1

重要な注意点

診断の落とし穴

  • 単一の陰性PCR結果のみでアシクロビルを中止してはいけません 1
  • 髄液所見が正常でも、MRIで側頭葉病変があればHSV脳炎を強く疑います 4, 5, 6
  • 最近の研究では、正常な髄液白血球数・蛋白でもHSV DNAが検出される症例が報告されています 7

治療開始の判断

臨床的にHSV脳炎が疑われる場合は、髄液所見が正常でも直ちにアシクロビル治療を開始すべきです 2。以下の所見があれば特に重要:

  • 精神症状、痙攣、意識障害
  • MRIでの側頭葉異常信号
  • 脳波での側頭部周期性放電

特殊な状況

  • 免疫不全患者では無細胞性髄液がより頻繁に見られます 1
  • VZV、EBV、CMV脳炎でも無細胞性髄液を呈することがあります 1
  • 脳照射歴のある患者では特に注意が必要で、正常髄液でもHSV PCRを必ず実施すべきです 2

実践的推奨事項

髄液検査で細胞数・蛋白が正常でも:

  • HSV PCRは必ず実施してください 1
  • MRI所見を重視し、側頭葉病変があればHSV脳炎として治療します 4, 5
  • 疑わしい場合は24-48時間後に再検査を行います 1
  • HSV脳炎が完全に除外されるまでアシクロビル治療を継続します 2

この対応により、正常髄液所見を呈する非典型的なHSV脳炎症例を見逃すことなく、適切な治療を提供できます。

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