How do I diagnose an ear infection in my pet?

How to Detect Ear Infections in Pets

The most effective way to detect ear infections in your pet is to look for signs of ear canal inflammation including redness, swelling, discharge, and unusual odor, along with behavioral changes such as head shaking, ear scratching, and signs of pain when the ear is touched. 1, 2

Common Signs of Ear Infections

Physical Signs

• Visible discharge - May be yellow, brown, or black; can be waxy, pus-like, or bloody 2
• Redness and swelling of the ear canal and ear flap
• Unusual odor - Often described as yeasty or foul-smelling
• Excessive wax buildup

Behavioral Signs

• Head shaking or head tilt
• Scratching or pawing at ears
• Pain response when ears are touched - Your pet may yelp, whine, or pull away
• Rubbing head against furniture or floor
• Changes in behavior - Irritability, lethargy, or decreased appetite

Types of Ear Infections in Pets

Ear infections in pets typically fall into three categories:

1. Otitis externa - Inflammation of the external ear canal (most common)

   • Characterized by rapid onset (usually within 48 hours) 1
   • Signs include ear canal tenderness, inflammation, and possible discharge

2. Otitis media - Infection of the middle ear

   • Often occurs as an extension of external ear infections
   • May cause more severe pain and neurological symptoms

3. Ear mite infestations

   • Causes dark brown, coffee-ground-like discharge 3
   • Often accompanied by intense itching

Home Examination Techniques

To check your pet for an ear infection:

1. Gently examine the outer ear

   • Look for redness, swelling, or discharge
   • Note any unusual odor

2. Check for pain response

   • Gently touch the base of the ear (tragus)
   • Pain response that seems disproportionate to visible signs is particularly suggestive of infection 1

3. Observe ear canal (if visible)

   • A healthy ear canal should be pink and clean
   • Infected ears may show redness, swelling, or discharge

When to Seek Veterinary Care

Take your pet to a veterinarian if you observe:

• Persistent symptoms lasting more than 1-2 days
• Severe pain when touching the ear
• Significant discharge or bleeding
• Strong odor from the ear
• Balance problems or head tilt
• Recurrent ear problems

What Happens at the Vet

Your veterinarian will likely:

1. Perform an otoscopic examination to visualize the ear canal and eardrum 1

2. Collect samples for cytology - This simple, rapid diagnostic test is essential for proper diagnosis 2

   • More than 5 yeast organisms or 25 bacteria per high-powered field indicates significant infection requiring treatment
   • Presence of white blood cells (leukocytes) indicates true infection rather than simple overgrowth

3. Possibly perform culture and sensitivity testing for recurrent or severe infections 4

Common Causes of Ear Infections in Pets

Understanding potential causes can help with prevention:

• Bacteria - Most commonly Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas 4
• Yeast - Particularly Malassezia canis (most common organism in pet ear infections) 4
• Ear mites - Especially common in young animals and cats 3
• Allergies - Environmental or food allergies often contribute to recurrent infections
• Anatomical factors - Floppy ears, narrow ear canals, or excessive hair in ear canals
• Moisture - Swimming or bathing without proper ear drying

Prevention Tips

• Regular cleaning with appropriate pet ear cleaners (containing ingredients like lactic acid and salicylic acid) 5
• Thorough drying of ears after swimming or bathing
• Regular inspection of ears, especially in predisposed breeds
• Prompt treatment of any early signs of infection
• Address underlying allergies if present

Remember that early detection and proper veterinary care are crucial for preventing complications and chronic ear problems in your pet.