Skin Cancer Risk from Exposure to Fuels, Fumes, Solvents, Lubricants, and Hydraulic Fluids
Exposure to certain fuels, fumes, solvents, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids can increase the risk of developing skin cancer, particularly through occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in many of these substances.
Historical Evidence of Carcinogenicity
The link between occupational exposure to certain petroleum-based products and skin cancer has been established for centuries:
- As early as 1775, Sir Percival Pott observed that chimney sweeps developed scrotal cancer from occupational exposure to soot 1
- In the late 1800s, elevated incidences of skin cancers were reported in workers in the coal tar industry 1
- By the early 1900s, it was widely recognized that soot, coal tar, and pitch are carcinogenic to humans 1
Carcinogenic Components and Mechanisms
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
PAHs are the primary carcinogenic components in many fuels and petroleum products:
- PAHs are produced in incomplete combustion processes and are ubiquitous contaminants in both general and occupational environments 1
- The carcinogenic activity of PAHs in vehicle exhaust extracts is associated mainly with compounds composed of four to seven aromatic rings 1
- Many PAHs are considered complete carcinogens, acting as both tumor initiators and promoters/progressors 1
Other Carcinogenic Components
- Benzene, a significant component of gasoline, is an established human carcinogen 2
- 1,3-Butadiene, another component of gasoline, is a powerful carcinogen in both animals and humans 2
- Alkyl benzenes, significant components of gasoline, have established carcinogenic properties 2
Specific Cancer Risks
Skin Cancer
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has evaluated several PAH-containing materials and occupational situations with PAH exposure and found many to be carcinogenic 1
- Occupational exposure to soot, coal tar, and pitch has been linked to skin cancers 1
- Human epidemiologic studies show increases in skin cancer as a result of exposure to gasoline, its components, and its vapors 2
Other Cancers
Exposure to these substances has also been associated with:
- Kidney, liver, and other tissue tumors 2
- Cancers of the stomach, brain, pancreas, prostate, and lung 2
- Hematopoietic and lymphatic leukemias 2
Risk Factors and Exposure Routes
Occupational Exposure
Workers in certain industries have higher exposure risks:
- Oil refining and petrochemical industry workers
- Mechanics and automotive technicians
- Industrial workers handling solvents and lubricants
Exposure Routes
- Dermal contact is a significant route of exposure, particularly for lubricants and fuels 3
- Inhalation of fumes and vapors
- Accidental ingestion
Prevention Strategies
To reduce skin cancer risk from these exposures:
Minimize direct skin contact:
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves, protective clothing)
- Practice proper handling techniques to avoid spills and splashes
Reduce vapor exposure:
- Ensure adequate ventilation in work areas
- Use vapor recovery systems when handling volatile substances
Practice good hygiene:
- Wash exposed skin promptly after contact with these substances
- Change contaminated clothing immediately
Regular screening:
- Workers with significant exposure should undergo regular skin examinations
- Report any suspicious skin changes promptly
Conclusion
The evidence clearly establishes that occupational exposure to certain fuels, fumes, solvents, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids containing PAHs and other carcinogenic components can increase the risk of skin cancer. This risk is particularly significant with prolonged or repeated exposure. Proper protective measures and regular screening are essential for individuals with occupational exposure to these substances.