Differential Diagnosis for Swollen Cervical Lymph Nodes and Sinus Pressure and Congestion

• Single Most Likely Diagnosis
  • Viral Upper Respiratory Infection (URI): This is the most common cause of swollen cervical lymph nodes and sinus pressure, often resulting from a viral infection such as the common cold or flu. The body's immune response to the virus leads to inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes as they work to fight off the infection.
• Other Likely Diagnoses
  • Bacterial Sinusitis: A bacterial infection of the sinuses can cause sinus pressure, congestion, and swollen lymph nodes as the body responds to the infection. This condition often follows a viral URI and can be identified by the presence of purulent nasal discharge, facial pain, and worsening symptoms over time.
  • Allergic Rhinitis: Allergies can cause sinus congestion and pressure, and may also lead to swollen lymph nodes due to the body's allergic response. Seasonal or environmental allergies are common causes.
  • Mononucleosis (Mono): Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, mono can lead to swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the cervical region, along with symptoms like fever, sore throat, and fatigue.
• Do Not Miss Diagnoses
  • Lymphoma: Although rare, lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) can present with swollen lymph nodes. It's crucial to consider this diagnosis, especially if the lymphadenopathy is persistent, asymmetric, or accompanied by systemic symptoms like unexplained weight loss or night sweats.
  • Tuberculosis (TB): TB can cause swollen lymph nodes, especially in the cervical region, along with systemic symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It's a critical diagnosis to consider, especially in individuals with risk factors for TB exposure.
  • HIV Infection: Early stages of HIV infection can present with swollen lymph nodes, among other symptoms. Given the significant implications of this diagnosis, it should not be missed, particularly in individuals with risk factors for HIV.
• Rare Diagnoses
  • Sarcoidosis: A condition characterized by the growth of granulomas (inflammatory cells) in various parts of the body, including the lymph nodes. It can cause swollen lymph nodes, among other symptoms, but is less common.
  • Cat-Scratch Disease: Caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae, this infection can result from a cat scratch or bite, leading to swollen lymph nodes, usually near the site of the scratch.
  • Toxoplasmosis: An infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which can lead to swollen lymph nodes, especially in immunocompromised individuals.