Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): This condition is a common cause of hematuria (blood in the urine) and back pain, particularly flank pain. The pain is often severe and can radiate to the groin. Hematuria can occur due to the stone causing irritation or blockage in the urinary tract.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): While more commonly associated with dysuria and frequency, a UTI can cause hematuria and back pain, especially if the infection involves the upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis).
Pyelonephritis: An infection of the kidney, which can cause back pain and hematuria. It's more common in women and can be a complication of an untreated UTI.
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys, which can lead to hematuria and back pain due to kidney inflammation.

Renal Cell Carcinoma: Although less common, kidney cancer can present with hematuria and back pain. Early detection is crucial for treatment outcomes, making it a critical diagnosis not to miss.
Renal Vascular Disease: Conditions such as renal artery stenosis or renal vein thrombosis can cause hematuria and back pain. These conditions require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications.
Trauma: Physical injury to the kidneys or urinary tract can cause hematuria and back pain. The severity can range from minor to life-threatening, depending on the extent of the injury.

Sickle Cell Disease: Can cause hematuria due to sickling in the kidney and may also lead to back pain due to sickle cell crises.
Alport Syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the type IV collagen in the kidneys, ears, and eyes, leading to hematuria and potentially back pain due to kidney involvement.
Goodpasture Syndrome: A rare autoimmune disease that can cause glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage, presenting with hematuria and potentially back pain.