History of Contact Lenses
The concept of contact lenses originated in the early 19th century, with the first functional glass scleral lenses manufactured by 1888, followed by revolutionary developments in soft hydrogel materials in the 1970s-1980s that transformed the industry into today's silicone hydrogel-dominated market serving 125 million wearers worldwide. 1
Early Development (19th-Early 20th Century)
- The initial concept of applying a lens directly to the cornea as a refractive device was first proposed in the early 1800s 1
- By 1888, glass scleral lenses were successfully manufactured and used for correcting optical defects and corneal irregularities 1
- These early lenses represented the translation of scientific concepts into practical reality, marking the beginning of contact lens technology 2
Mid-20th Century Revolution
- The latter half of the 20th century saw the most significant developments in contact lens history 3
- Rigid gas-permeable (RGP) lenses emerged as new materials became available, allowing oxygen transmission to the cornea 1
- The 1970s through 1980s marked a revolutionary period with the invention of soft hydrogel contact lenses, which fundamentally transformed both the contact lens industry and eye care practices 3
Key Scientific Discoveries Driving Innovation
- Research into corneal oxygen needs became critical in shaping lens development 3
- The understanding of chronic hypoxia effects and required oxygen transmissibility levels was well-established through clinical experience 3
- Consumer demand for clear, comfortable, around-the-clock vision drove material innovations 3
Modern Era (Late 20th-21st Century)
- The "human experiment" with initial extended-wear modalities led directly to the development of disposable soft contact lenses 3
- Silicone hydrogel lenses emerged in the 21st century to address corneal oxygen requirements, leading to increased worldwide adoption and taking an increasing share of new fittings, particularly for overnight wear 1
- Highly oxygen-permeable materials extended the suitability of contact lenses for medical applications including therapeutic uses 4
Current Global Landscape
- Approximately 125 million people worldwide wear contact lenses 1
- The majority of wearers are female and relatively young 1
- Soft lenses dominate the market, with silicone hydrogel materials increasingly preferred 1
- Modern scleral lens practice has achieved success for both visual rehabilitation and therapeutic applications 4
Ongoing Challenges and Advances
- Microbial keratitis remains the most serious potential complication, though relatively uncommon 1
- Ongoing basic research, more powerful antimicrobial agents, and development of safer lens materials continue to address safety concerns 1
- Contact lens care regimens and cleaning options continue to evolve alongside new materials 5
- Future innovations include anticipated developments such as planar metalenses made from titanium dioxide "nanopillars" 2