In a newborn with metabolic acidosis, how is the severity classified based on bicarbonate levels?

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Klasifikasi Keparahan Asidosis Metabolik pada Bayi Baru Lahir

Asidosis metabolik pada bayi baru lahir diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pH dan base deficit: ringan (pH 7.20-7.35, base deficit 5-12 mmol/L), sedang (pH 7.00-7.20, base deficit 12-16 mmol/L), dan berat (pH <7.00, base deficit ≥16 mmol/L). 1, 2

Definisi Berdasarkan Parameter Darah Tali Pusat

Asidosis Berat

  • pH <7.00 atau base deficit ≥12 mmol/L pada darah arteri tali pusat merupakan kriteria asidosis metabolik berat menurut American Academy of Pediatrics 1
  • Base deficit >16 mmol/L dikaitkan dengan komplikasi neonatal sedang hingga berat pada 40% kasus 2
  • Nilai pH <7.00 merupakan salah satu dari empat kriteria esensial untuk menentukan kejadian hipoksia intrapartum akut yang cukup untuk menyebabkan cerebral palsy 1

Asidosis Sedang

  • Base deficit 12-16 mmol/L merupakan ambang batas dimana komplikasi neonatal sedang atau berat mulai meningkat, terjadi pada 10% bayi 2
  • Ensefalopati neonatal sedang dan berat serta komplikasi respirasi meningkat pada kelompok dengan base deficit 12-16 mmol/L 2

Asidosis Ringan

  • pH arteri tali pusat normal adalah ≥7.20 1
  • Base deficit 4-12 mmol/L umumnya tidak dikaitkan dengan peningkatan komplikasi neonatal yang signifikan 2

Pertimbangan Penting dalam Penilaian

Nilai Bikarbonat pada Bayi Prematur

  • Pada bayi berat lahir rendah yang sehat, CO₂ total meningkat dari rata-rata 18.6 mM saat lahir menjadi 20.3 mM pada usia 3 minggu 3
  • Distribusi normal CO₂ total mencakup nilai serendah 14.5 mM (2 SD di bawah rata-rata), sehingga nilai bikarbonat <21 mM tidak selalu patologis pada bayi prematur 3
  • Definisi "late metabolic acidosis" (base deficit >5 mEq/L atau CO₂ total <21 mM) pada bayi prematur yang tampak sehat perlu dipertimbangkan ulang karena nilai ini masih dalam rentang normal 3

Korelasi dengan Outcome Klinis

  • Semakin berat asidosis metabolik, semakin tinggi risiko ensefalopati hipoksik-iskemik dan mortalitas 1
  • Peningkatan base deficit secara progresif dikaitkan dengan peningkatan keparahan komplikasi neonatal 2
  • Skor Apgar 5 menit ≤3 dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko cerebral palsy 20-100 kali lipat, meskipun sebagian besar bayi dengan skor Apgar rendah tidak akan mengalami cerebral palsy 1

Peringatan Penting

Jangan memberikan bikarbonat secara rutin untuk asidosis metabolik tanpa memastikan ventilasi yang adekuat terlebih dahulu, karena natrium bikarbonat menghasilkan CO₂ yang harus dieliminasi melalui ventilasi yang memadai 4, 1

  • Bikarbonat hanya diindikasikan untuk asidosis metabolik berat yang persisten (pH <7.10) setelah penyebab yang mendasari diatasi dan ventilasi adekuat telah dipastikan 4, 1
  • Dosis untuk neonatus: 1-2 mEq/kg IV/IO diberikan perlahan, menggunakan konsentrasi 0.5 mEq/mL untuk bayi baru lahir 4, 1
  • Periksa kadar kalium serum, karena asidosis metabolik non-anion gap sering dikaitkan dengan hiperkalemia 4

References

Guideline

Management of Newborn with Metabolic Acidosis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

Threshold of metabolic acidosis associated with newborn complications.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997

Guideline

Management of Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis in Neonates

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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