What is the diagnosis and management for a 24-day-old patient with abdominal distention and X-ray showing multiple gas-filled distended loops?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: January 18, 2026View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction: Diagnosis and Management

Immediate Action Required

This 24-day-old infant with abdominal distention and multiple gas-filled distended loops on X-ray requires immediate pediatric surgical consultation, as this presentation indicates a surgical emergency such as intestinal atresia, malrotation with midgut volvulus, Hirschsprung disease, or necrotizing enterocolitis. 1


Differential Diagnosis by Clinical Context

High-Risk Surgical Emergencies (Require Urgent Surgery)

  • Malrotation with Midgut Volvulus: 20% of neonates with bilious vomiting in the first 72 hours have midgut volvulus requiring urgent surgery 1. At 24 days of age, this remains a critical consideration and can present with abdominal distention and multiple dilated loops 1, 2.

  • Intestinal Atresia:

    • Duodenal atresia presents with bilious vomiting within first 2 days and "double bubble" sign on radiographs 2, 3. Less likely at 24 days unless partial obstruction.
    • Jejunoileal atresia shows multiple dilated loops with absent distal gas 2, 3.
  • Hirschsprung Disease: Delayed meconium passage beyond 48 hours with abdominal distention is typical for distal bowel obstruction 1, 2.

  • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): Presents with increased apnea/bradycardia episodes, abdominal distension, bloody stools, and bilious emesis 3. Mortality is 40-90% when entire bowel is involved 3.


Diagnostic Algorithm

Step 1: Clinical Assessment (Before Imaging)

Critical examination findings to assess immediately:

  • Peritoneal signs: Abdominal tenderness with absent bowel sounds suggests peritonitis or bowel compromise—never delay surgical consultation for imaging studies in this scenario 1.

  • Vomiting character: Bilious vomiting indicates obstruction distal to ampulla of Vater 2, 3.

  • Stool history: Delayed meconium passage beyond 48 hours suggests distal obstruction 1.

  • Systemic signs: Apnea, bradycardia, bloody stools suggest NEC 3.

Step 2: Laboratory Evaluation

  • Blood gas and lactate levels to assess for bowel ischemia 4.
  • Complete blood count, electrolytes, renal function 4.
  • C-reactive protein (CRP >75 suggests peritonitis, though sensitivity is low) 4.

Step 3: Imaging Studies

Plain abdominal radiographs are the first imaging study for all suspected bowel obstruction 1, 3. Look for:

  • Dilated bowel loops with air-fluid levels 1, 3
  • Presence or absence of distal gas 1, 3
  • "Double bubble" (duodenal atresia) or "triple bubble" (jejunal atresia) 1
  • Pneumatosis intestinalis or portal venous gas (NEC) 3

For suspected distal obstruction, contrast enema is the diagnostic procedure of choice 1, 3. This can demonstrate:

  • Microcolon in cases of distal atresia or meconium plug syndrome 1, 3
  • Transition zone in Hirschsprung disease 3

Upper GI series remains the reference standard for suspected malrotation/volvulus 3.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) outperforms conventional radiography for detecting pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas, free fluid, and bowel wall thickness in NEC 3.


Management Approach

Immediate Stabilization (All Cases)

  • Nil per os (NPO) 4
  • Intravenous fluid resuscitation to correct dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities 4
  • Nasogastric tube decompression 4
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics if peritonitis or NEC suspected 4, 3

Surgical Consultation Timing

Immediate surgical consultation (do not delay for imaging):

  • Peritoneal signs (tenderness, absent bowel sounds) 1
  • Signs of bowel ischemia (elevated lactate, metabolic acidosis) 4
  • Suspected midgut volvulus 1

Urgent surgical consultation (after initial imaging):

  • Confirmed intestinal atresia 1, 2
  • Hirschsprung disease 1
  • NEC with pneumatosis or portal venous gas 3

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Never delay surgical consultation for imaging in a neonate with peritoneal signs—this leads to significant morbidity and mortality 1.

  • Midgut volvulus can present identically to other causes of obstruction—11% of neonates with lower GI causes require urgent intervention 1.

  • Absence of peritonitis does not exclude bowel ischemia—physical examination has only 48% sensitivity for detecting strangulation 4.

  • Do not assume functional ileus in a neonate with distended loops—surgical causes are far more common in this age group and require different management 1, 3.

  • NEC can progress rapidly—survival is close to 95% unless entire bowel is involved, which occurs in 25% of cases with 40-90% mortality 3.

References

Guideline

Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Intestinal Obstruction in Newborns

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Duodenal Atresia: Characteristics and Associations

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Abdominal Distension in Neonates: Etiology and Diagnosis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Related Questions

What is the best course of action for a patient with left-sided abdominal pain radiating from the umbilicus to the back and a computed tomography (CT) abdomen scan showing a distended loop of small bowel?
What is the differential diagnosis for dilated bowel loops?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 75-year-old man with sudden lower abdominal pain, progressive abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, absolute constipation, and a massively distended bowel loop on X-ray?
What is the management of a suspected closed loop obstruction?
What is the management for a patient with dilated bowel loops in all quadrants on ultrasound (USS) suggestive of intestinal obstruction?
Can deep massage help alleviate muscle soreness in a healthy adult after physical activity?
What does the Holdaway ratio demonstrate in facial aesthetics and orthodontic treatment planning?
What is the role of a Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) in diagnosing and managing Hirschsprung disease in a newborn or infant patient?
What is the best approach for managing non-invasive mechanical ventilation using Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BPAP) versus High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) in a smoker with emphysema, admitted to the ICU for influenza A pneumonia, after extubation?
What is the best treatment approach for a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) experiencing a flare, particularly with regards to managing inflammation and preventing organ damage?
How is inferior vena cava (IVC) distensibility calculated in patients?

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.