What is mild medial and moderate patellofemoral compartment chondromalacia?

Definition of Mild Medial and Moderate Patellofemoral Compartment Chondromalacia

Chondromalacia refers to softening and degeneration of articular cartilage, with "mild medial" indicating early-stage cartilage damage in the medial tibiofemoral compartment and "moderate patellofemoral" indicating more advanced cartilage deterioration on the undersurface of the kneecap. 1, 2

Anatomical Understanding

The knee joint consists of three compartments that can be independently affected by cartilage degeneration 3:

• Medial tibiofemoral compartment: Bears 70-80% of joint load during gait, making it the most frequently affected compartment 1, 4
• Lateral tibiofemoral compartment: Bears the remaining 20-30% of load
• Patellofemoral compartment: The articulation between the patella and femoral trochlea 2

Grading System and Severity Classification

The Outerbridge classification system standardizes chondromalacia severity 1:

• Grade 0: Macroscopically normal cartilage
• Grade 1: Cartilage softening and swelling (mild changes)
• Grade 2: Fragmentation and fissuring involving area <1.5 cm in diameter (moderate changes)
• Grade 3: Fragmentation and fissuring involving area >1.5 cm in diameter (severe changes)
• Grade 4: Loss of cartilage with exposed subchondral bone (full-thickness defect)

Your "mild medial" compartment involvement likely represents Grade 1-2 changes (cartilage softening, swelling, or early fragmentation <1.5 cm), while "moderate patellofemoral" involvement suggests Grade 2-3 changes (fragmentation and fissuring, potentially >1.5 cm in diameter). 1

Clinical Presentation

Patellofemoral Chondromalacia Symptoms

• Anterior knee pain that worsens with activities loading the patellofemoral joint 2, 5
• Pain with climbing stairs, kneeling, crouching, or prolonged sitting (theater sign) 5
• Patellofemoral crepitus (grinding sensation) with knee flexion-extension 2
• Quadriceps muscle wasting in chronic cases 2
• Joint effusion may be present but is less common with isolated chondromalacia 6

Medial Compartment Involvement

• Medial joint line tenderness on palpation that reproduces activity-related pain 6
• Pain typically worsens with weight-bearing activities 4
• May have limited range of motion on the symptomatic side 6

Diagnostic Evaluation

Imaging Recommendations

Radiographs are the initial imaging modality for chronic knee pain and can show joint space narrowing in more advanced disease 1, 4:

• Standing anteroposterior, lateral, and axial (sunrise/Merchant) views of the patellofemoral joint 1
• Early chondromalacia (Grades 1-2) typically shows normal radiographs 4

MRI without IV contrast is the gold standard for cartilage evaluation when symptoms persist after conservative treatment 1, 6:

• Stage I and II chondromalacia cannot be reliably identified with MRI—normal signal intensity does not exclude cartilage softening 7
• Stage III and IV chondromalacia can be evaluated with 89% accuracy using proton density and T2-weighted sequences 7
• Most reliable MRI indicators are focal contour irregularities, cartilage thinning, and high signal intensity changes on T2-weighted images 7
• Three-dimensional gradient-echo sequences (FLASH/FISP) in axial plane are most efficacious for patellofemoral assessment 8

Important caveat: MRI findings may overstage less advanced disease, and signal alterations without contour deformity or thinning do not reliably correlate with arthroscopic staging 7. The poor MRI-arthroscopic correlation in early stages may reflect the subjective nature of arthroscopic diagnosis 7.

Pathophysiology and Risk Factors

Patellofemoral Chondromalacia Causes

• Trauma to the patellofemoral joint 2
• Patellofemoral instability and abnormal patellar tracking 2
• Bony anatomic variations affecting patellar alignment 2
• Increased cartilage vulnerability from repetitive microtrauma 2
• Occupational hazards involving repetitive kneeling or squatting 2

Medial Compartment Degeneration

• Malalignment of the mechanical axis (varus alignment increases medial loading) 1
• Age, obesity, and genetic predisposition 3
• Prior meniscal or ligament injury 1

Clinical Significance and Prognosis

Chondromalacia may be reversible in early stages or may progress to develop patellofemoral or tibiofemoral osteoarthritis 2. The combination of medial and patellofemoral involvement suggests more widespread cartilage degeneration that requires aggressive conservative management to prevent progression to tricompartmental disease 3.

The presence of medial joint line tenderness should prompt consideration of MRI if symptoms persist after conservative treatment, but should not be used as the sole indication for arthroscopy 6. This is critical because arthroscopy itself can potentially worsen cartilage damage and should be reserved for cases where surgical intervention is planned 1.