What are the steps in declaring a patient dead, considering their medical history and any life-sustaining treatments, such as ventilation (mechanical ventilation) or cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

Declaration of Death: Clinical Protocol

Death should be declared after confirming the irreversible cessation of either circulatory-respiratory function or neurological function, with specific time intervals and clinical criteria that vary based on the clinical context.

Standard Circulatory-Respiratory Death Declaration

Initial Assessment

• Confirm cardiorespiratory arrest by documenting the absence of cardiac output (no palpable pulse), absence of respiratory effort, and lack of response to supraorbital pressure 1
• Verify absent pupillary and corneal reflexes as part of the neurological assessment 1
• Document absent electrical activity on electrocardiogram, no cardiac movement on focused echocardiography, or no pressure wave on arterial line tracing if monitoring is in place 1

Mandatory Observation Period ("No-Touch Period")

• Observe for a minimum of 5 minutes after cardiorespiratory arrest before declaring death 1
• During this observation period, no interventions to the body are permitted—this is a hands-off interval 1
• If any return of cardiac or respiratory activity occurs during the 5-minute observation, restart the observation period for another full 5 minutes 1
• International protocols vary from 2-20 minutes for this no-touch period, but the UK guideline standard of 5 minutes represents current best practice 1

Clinical Examination Requirements

The examining physician must document:

• Absence of circulation (no palpable central pulse) 1
• Absence of spontaneous ventilation (no respiratory effort) 1
• Absence of consciousness (no response to painful stimuli) 1
• Absence of spontaneous motor activity 1
• Absence of brainstem reflexes (pupillary, corneal) 1

Context-Specific Considerations

After Failed Resuscitation

• Refractory cardiac arrest is defined as 30 minutes of failed resuscitation efforts 1
• Death declaration follows the same 5-minute observation period after cessation of resuscitation attempts 1
• The decision to stop CPR precedes the observation period 1

After Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment

• Withdrawal should proceed according to standard critical care practice, which may include stopping mechanical ventilation, supplementary oxygen, and inotropes 1
• The same 5-minute observation period applies after cardiorespiratory arrest occurs following withdrawal 1
• A member of the critical care team (not the organ procurement team if donation is being considered) should certify death 1

In Organ Donation Contexts (Donation After Circulatory Death)

• The 2-minute standard is legally acceptable in the United States for donation after circulatory determination of death, though this represents the minimum acceptable interval 1
• The 5-minute standard remains the international consensus and is recommended for general practice 1
• Autoresuscitation (spontaneous return of circulation) has not been reported in adults or children after 60-75 seconds of absent circulation following withdrawal of life support 1

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Common Errors

• Never declare death without completing the full observation period, even if the patient appears obviously deceased—premature declaration has resulted in cases of declaring living persons dead 2, 3
• Do not initiate any interventions during the no-touch period that could affect circulation or respiration, as this invalidates the observation 1
• Ensure the patient has a DNACPR (Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) order if death is expected, as this clarifies that resuscitation should not be initiated 4

Documentation Requirements

• Record the exact time when cardiorespiratory arrest was first observed 1
• Document the completion of the 5-minute observation period without return of function 1
• Record all clinical findings from the physical examination (absent pulse, respirations, reflexes) 1
• Note the time of death declaration, which occurs after the observation period is complete 1

Special Circumstances

• If the patient is on mechanical ventilation, death cannot be declared until ventilation is discontinued and the observation period completed 1
• In cases where organ donation is being considered, ensure the death declaration process is completely separate from and precedes any organ preservation interventions 1
• No medications or interventions (such as heparin, chest compressions, or cardiopulmonary bypass) may be administered until after death has been formally declared 1

Legal and Ethical Framework

• Death is legally defined as the irreversible cessation of either circulatory-respiratory function or neurological function 1, 5
• The criterion of "irreversible" is satisfied when the patient or surrogate has refused resuscitation and the observation period confirms no spontaneous return of function 1
• Clear, unambiguous criteria are essential to maintain public trust and ensure living patients are never treated as deceased 3, 5