From the Research
Cryptococcal meningitis is primarily transmitted through inhalation of the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii from the environment. These fungi are commonly found in soil contaminated with bird droppings, particularly pigeon excrement, and in some trees like eucalyptus 1. When a person breathes in the microscopic fungal spores, they initially cause a lung infection. In individuals with weakened immune systems, especially those with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive medications, or those with other conditions that compromise immunity, the fungus can spread through the bloodstream to the brain and spinal cord, causing meningitis.
Key Points
- Cryptococcal meningitis is not contagious from person to person 1.
- The infection typically develops when the immune system cannot contain the initial lung infection, allowing the fungus to disseminate throughout the body.
- This explains why cryptococcal meningitis is considered an opportunistic infection, primarily affecting those with compromised immunity rather than healthy individuals with normal immune function.
- The most recent and highest quality study on the topic of cryptococcal meningitis treatment, published in 2022, does not directly address the transmission of the disease but highlights the importance of effective treatment for those infected 2.
- The study found that single-dose liposomal amphotericin B combined with flucytosine and fluconazole was noninferior to the WHO-recommended treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis and was associated with fewer adverse events 2.
Transmission and Prevention
- The primary mode of transmission is through inhalation of spores from the environment 1.
- Prevention strategies may include avoiding exposure to contaminated soil and bird droppings, especially for individuals with weakened immune systems.