What is neurosyphilis (Neurological manifestation of Syphilis)?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: May 30, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

From the Guidelines

Neurosifilis debe ser tratado con penicilina G intravenosa de alta dosis, específicamente 18-24 millones de unidades diarias, administradas como 3-4 millones de unidades cada 4 horas durante 10-14 días. La neurosifilis es una infección grave del sistema nervioso central causada por la bacteria Treponema pallidum, que ocurre cuando la sífilis no se trata y se propaga al cerebro y la médula espinal. El diagnóstico requiere pruebas serológicas (VDRL, RPR o FTA-ABS) y análisis de líquido cefalorraquídeo que muestra un recuento elevado de glóbulos blancos, proteínas y VDRL positivo 1. La manifestación clínica de la neurosifilis puede variar ampliamente e incluir meningitis, síntomas similares a los de un accidente cerebrovascular, demencia, cambios de personalidad y ataxia sensorial. El tratamiento temprano es crucial, ya que el daño neurológico puede ser irreversible una vez que se establece. También se recomienda evaluar y tratar a los compañeros sexuales para prevenir la reinfección, y se debe realizar una prueba de VIH para todos los pacientes con neurosifilis debido a la frecuente coinfección 1.

Algunos puntos importantes a considerar en el tratamiento de la neurosifilis incluyen:

  • La penicilina G intravenosa de alta dosis es el tratamiento recomendado para la neurosifilis.
  • Los pacientes con alergia a la penicilina deben ser desensibilizados en lugar de recibir antibióticos alternativos.
  • Después del tratamiento, se deben realizar punciones lumbares de seguimiento a intervalos de 6 meses hasta que el recuento de células del líquido cefalorraquídeo se normalice.
  • La neurosifilis puede causar daño neurológico irreversible si no se trata temprano.
  • Se debe evaluar y tratar a los compañeros sexuales para prevenir la reinfección.
  • Se debe realizar una prueba de VIH para todos los pacientes con neurosifilis debido a la frecuente coinfección.

From the Research

Definition and Treatment of Neurosyphilis

  • Neurosyphilis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete capable of infecting almost any organ or tissue in the body, leading to neurological complications due to the infection 2.
  • The first-line treatment for neurosyphilis is aqueous crystalline penicillin, but in cases of penicillin allergy, other regimes of antibiotic therapy can be used 2, 3.
  • Alternative treatments, such as ceftriaxone, have been studied, but the evidence is insufficient to determine their effectiveness compared to penicillin G 2.

Diagnosis and Complications of Neurosyphilis

  • Diagnosis of neurosyphilis depends on serologic tests and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, which can be complicated by the suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of these tests, particularly among patients coinfected with HIV 3.
  • Neurosyphilis can lead to various complications, including syphilitic meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, and asymptomatic neurosyphilis, as well as late-stage complications such as general paresis and tabes dorsalis 3, 4.
  • Stroke has been reported as a possible complication of neurosyphilis treatment, potentially due to a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, a self-limiting condition that can occur after antibiotic treatment for syphilis 5, 6.

Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction

  • The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction is a well-documented adverse effect of penicillin treatment in syphilis, characterized by symptoms such as fever, chills, and headache, which can be mistaken for a drug allergy 6.
  • This reaction is usually self-limiting and warrants the continuation of antibiotic treatment, with supportive care such as antipyretic and antiinflammatory agents 6.
  • The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction can be anticipated in patients receiving early doses of antibiotic treatment for syphilis and should be distinguished from other potential complications of neurosyphilis treatment 5, 6.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Antibiotic therapy for adults with neurosyphilis.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019

Research

Treatment of neurosyphilis.

Current treatment options in neurology, 2006

Research

Penicillin-induced Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.

The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2005

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.