Morton's Neuroma: This condition is characterized by a benign neuroma of the intermetatarsal plantar nerve, most commonly between the third and fourth toes, but can also occur between the second and third toes, causing pain in the head of the second metatarsal and joint due to compression or irritation of the nerve.

Stress Fracture: Overuse or repetitive stress on the second metatarsal bone can lead to a stress fracture, causing pain in the area.
Metatarsalgia: This term refers to pain in the ball of the foot, which can be caused by various factors including poor foot mechanics, overuse, or ill-fitting shoes, and often affects the second metatarsal head.
Synovitis or Capsulitis: Inflammation of the synovial membrane or joint capsule around the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the second toe can cause pain and stiffness in the area.
Gout or Pseudogout: These are forms of arthritis that can cause sudden, severe pain in the joints, including the MTP joint of the second toe.

Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis: Infection of the bone or joint can cause severe pain and has significant consequences if not promptly treated. Although less common, these conditions are critical to diagnose early.
Tumor (Benign or Malignant): Although rare, tumors can occur in the bones or soft tissues of the foot and must be considered in the differential diagnosis to ensure timely and appropriate treatment.

Freiberg's Disease: A rare condition characterized by avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head, most commonly the second metatarsal, leading to pain and stiffness.
Kohler's Disease: A rare bone disorder causing pain and swelling in the foot, typically affecting the navicular bone but can occasionally affect other bones including the metatarsals.
Charcot Foot (Neuropathic Arthropathy): A condition that affects the bones, joints, and soft tissues of the foot, leading to pain, swelling, and deformity, often in patients with diabetes or other neuropathic conditions.