From the Guidelines
Metoprolol is not highly effective for converting rapid atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. While metoprolol is valuable for rate control in AFib (slowing the ventricular response), it has limited ability to restore normal rhythm 1. The primary use of metoprolol in the context of AFib is to control the ventricular rate, which can help alleviate symptoms such as palpitations and shortness of breath.
Key Points to Consider
- Metoprolol works by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, which slows conduction through the AV node and reduces ventricular rate, but this mechanism doesn't effectively terminate the abnormal atrial electrical activity that sustains AFib 1.
- For patients with rapid AFib, medications specifically designed for cardioversion such as amiodarone, flecainide, or propafenone are more appropriate choices when rhythm control is the goal.
- Typical dosing for rate control with metoprolol is 5mg IV slowly over 2-5 minutes, which can be repeated twice at 5-minute intervals (maximum 15mg), or 25-100mg orally twice daily for maintenance therapy.
- Beta blockers, including metoprolol, are generally not considered primary therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with AF and structural heart disease 1.
Clinical Decision Making
In clinical practice, the decision to use metoprolol in the context of rapid AFib should be based on the individual patient's needs, including the presence of symptoms and the need for rate control versus rhythm control. If rhythm conversion is the primary goal, patients should be evaluated for electrical cardioversion or treatment with true antiarrhythmic medications rather than relying on metoprolol alone. However, for rate control and symptom management, metoprolol can be a valuable option.
From the Research
Effectiveness of Metoprolol in Converting Rapid Afib to Sinus Rhythm
- Metoprolol, a beta-blocker, has been shown to be effective in maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation 2, 3, 4, 5.
- A study published in 2002 found that metoprolol CR/XL is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation, with a low risk of proarrhythmia 2.
- Another study published in 2000 found that metoprolol CR/XL reduced the risk of relapse into atrial fibrillation after cardioversion, with 48.7% of patients in the metoprolol group experiencing a relapse compared to 59.9% in the placebo group 3.
- A 2012 review of 56 studies found that beta-blockers, including metoprolol, significantly reduced the recurrence of atrial fibrillation, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 9 4.
- A 2007 study found that metoprolol CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of atrial fibrillation increased the proportion of patients in sinus rhythm during six months of follow-up, with 46% of patients in the metoprolol group maintaining sinus rhythm compared to 26% in the placebo group 5.
Comparison with Other Treatments
- Verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist, has also been shown to be effective in converting atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, particularly in patients who have not responded to other treatments 6.
- Other antiarrhythmic drugs, such as class IA, IC, and III drugs, have been found to be effective in maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation, but may increase the risk of adverse events and proarrhythmia 4.
Key Findings
- Metoprolol is effective in maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation, with a low risk of proarrhythmia 2, 3, 4, 5.
- Metoprolol reduces the risk of relapse into atrial fibrillation after cardioversion 3.
- Beta-blockers, including metoprolol, are moderately effective in maintaining sinus rhythm after conversion of atrial fibrillation, with a NNT of 9 4.