What is the treatment for empyema?

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Last updated: July 8, 2025View editorial policy

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From the Guidelines

Empyema treatment should involve a combination of antibiotics and drainage procedures, with the goal of reducing morbidity, mortality, and improving quality of life. The initial management includes broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting common pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes, typically with regimens such as piperacillin-tazobactam or a combination of ceftriaxone plus metronidazole for 2-6 weeks, later narrowed based on culture results 1.

Key Considerations

  • Drainage is essential and can be accomplished through thoracentesis for small collections, tube thoracostomy (chest tube placement) for larger volumes, or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for loculated empyemas.
  • For advanced cases with thick pus and multiple loculations, surgical decortication may be necessary to remove the restrictive pleural peel.
  • Intrapleural fibrinolytic drugs, such as streptokinase, urokinase, or alteplase, may be used to lyse fibrinous strands in loculated empyemas and improve pleural drainage 1.
  • Early discussion with a thoracic surgeon is recommended if there is failure of chest tube drainage, antibiotics, and fibrinolytics, or if the patient has persisting sepsis in association with a persistent pleural collection 1.

Treatment Approach

  • The treatment approach should follow a progression from less to more invasive interventions based on the empyema's stage.
  • Early intervention is crucial to prevent complications like trapped lung or chronic pleural thickening.
  • Adequate pain control and respiratory therapy are important supportive measures.

Antibiotic Selection

  • Antibiotics should be chosen based on the results of pleural fluid culture and sensitivities, if possible.
  • In the absence of positive culture results, antibiotics should be chosen to cover the likely organisms that may cause pleural infection, such as community-acquired bacterial pathogens and anaerobic organisms 1.

From the Research

Tratamiento del Empiema

El tratamiento del empiema puede variar dependiendo de la etapa y la gravedad de la condición. A continuación, se presentan algunas opciones de tratamiento:

  • Video-asistida toracoscópica: esta técnica minimamente invasiva puede ser efectiva en la mayoría de los casos, especialmente en las etapas iniciales del empiema 2, 3.
  • Drenaje torácico con fibrinolíticos: esta opción puede ser considerada en casos de empiema en etapas iniciales, aunque puede tener un mayor riesgo de complicaciones 4.
  • Toracotomía abierta y decorticación: esta es una opción más invasiva que puede ser necesaria en casos de empiema crónico o en pacientes que no responden a otros tratamientos 5.
  • Video-asistida toracoscópica después del fracaso de la fibrinolisis: esta opción puede ser considerada en pacientes que no responden a la fibrinolisis 6.

Consideraciones importantes

Es importante destacar que la elección del tratamiento dependerá de la evaluación individual de cada paciente y de la experiencia del equipo médico. La video-asistida toracoscópica parece ser una opción segura y efectiva en muchos casos, pero es importante considerar las posibles complicaciones y los resultados a largo plazo 2, 3. La toracotomía abierta y decorticación puede ser necesaria en casos más graves o crónicos, y puede tener resultados funcionales a largo plazo prometedores 5.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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