What are the clinical features of cutaneous microsporidiosis?

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Clinical Features of Cutaneous Microsporidiosis

Cutaneous microsporidiosis presents primarily as recurrent subcutaneous nodules with associated superficial and deep lymphocytic and granulomatous dermatitis, often with focal necrosis. 1

Overview of Microsporidiosis

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that have been reclassified from protozoa to fungi. They are characterized by small, highly resistant spores typically 1-10 μm in size 2. Human microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, including:

  • HIV/AIDS patients
  • Organ transplant recipients
  • Patients on immunosuppressive medications
  • Children
  • Elderly individuals 3

Key Cutaneous Manifestations

The cutaneous manifestations of microsporidiosis include:

  • Recurrent subcutaneous nodules 1
  • Granulomatous dermatitis with focal necrosis 1
  • Oval 1-3 μm spores visible within necrotic areas on tissue staining 1

Systemic Features Often Associated with Cutaneous Disease

Patients with cutaneous microsporidiosis frequently present with concurrent systemic manifestations:

  • Intermittent diarrhea (most common systemic symptom) 1, 4
  • Chronic sinusitis 1
  • Possible disseminated disease in severely immunocompromised hosts 4

Diagnostic Findings

Histopathologic examination reveals:

  • Superficial and deep lymphocytic infiltrates 1
  • Granulomatous inflammation 1
  • Focal areas of necrosis containing oval spores 1
  • Spores measuring 1-3 μm that can be visualized with special stains 1

Risk Factors

The primary risk factors for developing cutaneous microsporidiosis include:

  • Immunosuppression (particularly HIV with CD4 counts <100 cells/mm³) 4
  • Use of immunosuppressive medications (e.g., mycophenolate mofetil) 1
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions requiring immunosuppression 1

Differential Diagnosis

Cutaneous microsporidiosis should be differentiated from other causes of nodular skin lesions in immunocompromised patients, including:

  • Fungal infections (particularly deep fungal infections)
  • Mycobacterial infections
  • Other parasitic infections
  • Cutaneous manifestations of lymphoma 5

Common Pitfalls in Diagnosis

  • Failure to consider microsporidiosis in immunocompromised patients with unexplained skin nodules
  • Inadequate tissue sampling or improper staining techniques
  • Misidentification of the small spores as other microorganisms
  • Failure to correlate skin findings with systemic symptoms 1, 6

Species Commonly Associated with Human Infection

While 14 species of microsporidia are known to infect humans, the most common species causing human infections are:

  • Enterocytozoon bieneusi (primarily intestinal disease)
  • Encephalitozoon intestinalis (intestinal and disseminated disease)
  • Other species can cause cutaneous manifestations in the appropriate clinical context 3, 6

Cutaneous microsporidiosis remains a rare but important diagnosis to consider in immunocompromised patients presenting with unexplained nodular skin lesions, particularly when accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms or other systemic manifestations.

References

Research

Cutaneous microsporidiosis in an immunosuppressed patient.

Journal of cutaneous pathology, 2020

Research

[Microsporidia and microsporidiosis].

Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi, 2013

Research

Microsporidiosis: epidemiology, clinical data and therapy.

Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique, 2010

Research

Clinical syndromes associated with microsporidiosis.

Advances in parasitology, 1998

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Human microsporidial infections.

Clinical microbiology reviews, 1994

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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