From the Guidelines
A multiple sclerosis (MS) flare, also known as an exacerbation or relapse, is a period of neurological disturbance lasting at least 24 hours.
Key Characteristics of an MS Flare
- Lasts for at least 24 hours 1
- Characterized by inflammatory and demyelinating lesions 1
- Requires expert clinical assessment to distinguish from pseudoattacks caused by other factors such as changes in core body temperature or infection 1
- Objective clinical findings are necessary to confirm a diagnosis of MS, although subjective reports from the patient can raise suspicion of an attack 1
- Single paroxysmal episodes, such as a tonic spasm, do not constitute a relapse, but multiple episodes occurring over at least 24 hours do 1
From the Research
Definition of a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Flare
A multiple sclerosis (MS) flare, also known as a relapse or exacerbation, is a period of time when MS symptoms worsen or new symptoms appear 2, 3, 4.
Characteristics of an MS Flare
- MS flares are characterized by an increase in disease activity, leading to a worsening of symptoms such as optic neuritis, brainstem syndromes, or long tract signs 2, 3.
- Flares can be triggered by various factors, including infections, stress, or other environmental factors 5.
- The severity and duration of MS flares can vary significantly from person to person 3, 4.
Treatment of MS Flares
- Corticosteroid therapy, such as high-dose methylprednisolone, is commonly used to treat MS flares and speed up recovery 2, 6.
- Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) can help reduce the frequency and severity of MS flares, but may not completely eliminate them 3, 4.
- Management of MS flares in the emergency department (ED) involves diagnostic testing, such as imaging and lumbar puncture, to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions 2.