What are the Tokyo guidelines for managing acute cholangitis and cholecystitis?

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Tokyo Guidelines for Acute Cholangitis and Cholecystitis

Overview

The Tokyo Guidelines (TG13, updated from TG07) provide standardized diagnostic criteria, severity grading systems, and treatment algorithms for acute cholangitis and cholecystitis that prioritize early recognition, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and timely biliary drainage to reduce mortality and morbidity. 1, 2


Diagnostic Criteria

Acute Cholangitis

The diagnosis requires clinical manifestations plus supporting evidence 3:

Clinical manifestations (at least one required):

  • Fever and/or chills
  • Jaundice
  • Abdominal pain (right upper quadrant or epigastric)

Note: Charcot's triad (all three above) has only 26.4% sensitivity, making it inadequate as a sole diagnostic criterion 3

Supporting evidence needed when full triad absent:

  • Laboratory data showing inflammation (elevated WBC, CRP)
  • Imaging demonstrating biliary obstruction or dilatation 4, 3

TG13 improvements over TG07: Sensitivity increased from 82.8% to 91.8%, with false positive rate in acute cholecystitis cases reduced from 15.5% to 5.9% 3

Acute Cholecystitis

Definite diagnosis requires: 5

  • Local signs of inflammation (Murphy's sign, right upper quadrant mass/pain/tenderness)
  • Systemic signs (fever, elevated inflammatory markers)
  • Imaging findings confirming cholecystitis

Imaging modalities: 5

  • Ultrasound detects cholelithiasis in ~98% of cases
  • Positive predictive value of 92% when stones plus ultrasonographic Murphy's sign present
  • Positive predictive value of 95% when stones plus gallbladder wall thickening (≥5mm) present
  • Hepatobiliary scintigraphy has 80-90% sensitivity

Severity Assessment

Acute Cholangitis - Three-Tier System 4, 3

Grade III (Severe):

  • Presence of at least one organ dysfunction:
    • Cardiovascular dysfunction (hypotension requiring dopamine ≥5 μg/kg/min or any norepinephrine)
    • Neurological dysfunction (altered consciousness)
    • Respiratory dysfunction (PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300)
    • Renal dysfunction (oliguria, creatinine >2.0 mg/dL)
    • Hepatic dysfunction (PT-INR >1.5)
    • Hematological dysfunction (platelet count <100,000/mm³)

Grade II (Moderate):

  • No organ dysfunction present
  • Associated with any two of these prognostic factors:
    • Abnormal WBC count (<4,000 or >12,000/mm³)
    • High fever (≥39°C)
    • Age ≥75 years
    • Hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin ≥5 mg/dL)
    • Hypoalbuminemia (<standard limit × 0.7)

Grade I (Mild):

  • Does not meet criteria for Grade II or III
  • Responds to initial medical treatment 4

Acute Cholecystitis 5

Grade III (Severe): Associated with organ dysfunction (same criteria as cholangitis)

Grade II (Moderate): Any one of:

  • Elevated WBC count (>18,000/mm³)
  • Palpable tender mass in right upper quadrant
  • Duration of complaints >72 hours
  • Marked local inflammation (gangrenous cholecystitis, pericholecystic abscess, hepatic abscess, biliary peritonitis, emphysematous cholecystitis)

Grade I (Mild): Does not meet criteria for Grade II or III


Treatment Algorithm

Antibiotic Therapy

Timing is critical: 6, 1

  • Septic shock present: Administer antibiotics within 1 hour
  • No shock: Administer within 4 hours after diagnostic studies
  • Always give before drainage procedures

Empiric antibiotic selection for community-acquired infection: 6

First-line broad-spectrum options:

  • Piperacillin/tazobactam
  • Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, or ertapenem)
  • 3rd/4th generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefepime) plus metronidazole
  • Cefazolin, cefamandole, or cefuroxime for prophylaxis 6

Beta-lactam allergy:

  • Aminoglycoside (gentamicin) plus metronidazole or clindamycin 6

Healthcare-associated infection considerations:

  • Broader coverage may be needed based on local resistance patterns 6

Duration of therapy: 6, 1

  • With successful biliary drainage: 3 days post-drainage is sufficient
  • With incomplete drainage or residual stones: Continue until anatomical resolution
  • Enterococcus or Streptococcus: 2 weeks to prevent endocarditis 6
  • Biloma/peritonitis: 5-7 days 6

Bile cultures: 6

  • Obtain at beginning of any drainage procedure (positive in 59-93% of cases)
  • Blood cultures have limited utility (positive in 21-71%) and remain controversial

Biliary Drainage

Indications and timing: 1

Grade III (Severe) cholangitis:

  • Urgent biliary drainage required (within hours)
  • Endoscopic drainage preferred over surgical approach
  • Percutaneous transhepatic drainage or EUS-guided drainage as alternatives
  • Avoid surgical drainage in severe cholangitis

Grade II (Moderate) cholangitis:

  • Early biliary drainage recommended if no response to initial medical treatment within 12-24 hours

Grade I (Mild) cholangitis:

  • Approximately 70% respond to medical treatment alone 6
  • Drainage if no clinical improvement

Imaging Strategy

Initial evaluation: 6, 1

  • Trans-abdominal ultrasound as first-line (widely available, demonstrates biliary dilatation despite 25-63% sensitivity for CBD stones)
  • Bile duct diameter >8mm suggests dilatation

Advanced imaging for CBD stone detection: 6, 1

  • MRCP: 85% sensitivity, 93% specificity (weakness in detecting small stones)
  • EUS: 93% sensitivity, 96% specificity (superior to MRCP, minimally invasive)
  • EUS also superior for detecting malignant causes of cholestasis

CT imaging: 6

  • Reserved for unstable patients
  • High suspicion of malignancy
  • Suspected hepatic abscesses

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Common errors: 6, 4, 3

  • Relying solely on Charcot's triad (misses 73.6% of cases)
  • Delaying antibiotics beyond recommended timeframes
  • Continuing antibiotics unnecessarily long after successful drainage
  • Attempting surgical drainage in Grade III cholangitis
  • Ignoring obesity as a risk factor for severity progression 6

Key success factors: 6, 1

  • Quality of biliary drainage is more important than antibiotic duration
  • Early severity assessment guides appropriate level of care (ICU vs ward)
  • Incomplete drainage mandates extended antibiotic therapy regardless of clinical improvement

References

Guideline

Role of TG13 Classification in Managing Acute Cholangitis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Diagnostic criteria and severity assessment of acute cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines.

Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, 2007

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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