What is the recommended dose of etomidate (amidate) emulsion for induction of anesthesia?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: November 28, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Etomidate Emulsion Dosing for Anesthesia Induction

The recommended induction dose of etomidate emulsion is 0.3 mg/kg IV administered over 30-60 seconds for adults and pediatric patients above 10 years of age. 1

Standard Dosing Protocol

Adults and Children >10 Years

  • Standard induction dose: 0.3 mg/kg IV over 30-60 seconds 1
  • Dosing range: 0.2-0.6 mg/kg, individualized based on patient factors 1
  • Geriatric patients may require reduced doses 1

Pediatric Patients (Conscious Sedation Context)

  • Initial dose: 0.2 mg/kg IV over 30-60 seconds 2
  • This provides adequate sedation in 60-67% of pediatric patients 2
  • Maximum total dose: 0.3 mg/kg to minimize adverse effects 2
  • Inadequate data exists for children <10 years for anesthesia induction; such use is not recommended 1

Administration Technique

Inject slowly over 30-60 seconds to minimize side effects, particularly pain on injection and myoclonus 1, 2. The lipid emulsion formulation (Etomidate-Lipuro) significantly reduces injection pain compared to the propylene glycol formulation, with pain occurring in only 14% versus 78% of patients 3.

Pre-treatment Strategies

  • Consider fentanyl or droperidol pre-treatment to reduce myoclonus incidence from 37.9% to 12.5-14.3% 4, 2
  • Premedication with diazepam also reduces myoclonus frequency 5

Critical Safety Considerations

Adrenal Suppression Management

Etomidate rapidly suppresses cortisol production by inhibiting 11-beta-hydroxylase 4. However, the clinical significance of single-dose administration remains debated:

  • For hemodynamically stable patients undergoing brief procedures: Single-dose etomidate can be used with standard monitoring, as clinically significant adrenal insufficiency appears rare despite biochemical suppression 6
  • For high-risk patients (known Addison's disease, chronic steroid use, recent pituitary/adrenal surgery): Administer hydrocortisone 100 mg IV bolus immediately before etomidate 7, 6
  • Cortisol levels remain within normal laboratory ranges despite biochemical changes in most patients 4

Monitoring Requirements

  • Continuous pulse oximetry and cardiac monitoring are mandatory 2
  • Regular blood pressure measurements and respiratory assessment 2
  • Resuscitation equipment must be immediately available 2

Common Adverse Effects and Incidence

Lipid Emulsion Formulation (Preferred)

  • Pain on injection: 14% 3
  • Myoclonus: 8-13% (reduced with pre-treatment) 3, 8
  • Local skin reaction: 6% 3
  • Thrombophlebitis: 3% 3

Respiratory Effects

  • Respiratory depression: 16% (usually manageable with supplemental oxygen) 2
  • Oxygen desaturation: 5-39% (higher risk at doses ≥0.23 mg/kg) 2

Dosing Pitfalls to Avoid

Do not exceed 0.3 mg/kg in pediatric patients due to increased respiratory depression risk 2. The lipid emulsion formulation is vastly superior to propylene glycol formulation—pain occurs in 25% with propofol versus only 1% with etomidate-lipid emulsion when comparing discomfort profiles 8. Avoid rapid injection (<30 seconds), which increases myoclonus and injection pain 1, 9.

Cardiovascular Stability

Etomidate causes minimal hemodynamic disturbance: mean arterial pressure decreases only 8.5%, heart rate increases 2.8%, and cardiac output decreases 7.6% 10. This makes it superior to other induction agents in hemodynamically unstable patients, though propofol causes more hypotension 8.

References

Guideline

Etomidate Dosing for Pediatric Conscious Sedation

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Adrenal Suppression with Single-Dose Etomidate

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Assessment and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency Before Etomidate Administration

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

[Etomidate: cardiovascular effects of a new intravenous anesthetic agent].

Canadian Anaesthetists' Society journal, 1976

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.