What are the origins of the divisions, cords (fascicles), and terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

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Anatomía del Plexo Braquial: Origen de Divisiones, Fascículos y Terminaciones

El plexo braquial se forma principalmente de las raíces ventrales C5-T1 (ocasionalmente con contribuciones de C4 y/o T2), que se organizan secuencialmente en raíces, troncos, divisiones, cordones (fascículos) y ramas terminales. 1, 2

Organización Anatómica Secuencial

Raíces

  • Las raíces están formadas por los ramos ventrales de los segmentos cervicales C5-C8 y el primer nervio torácico (T1) 2, 3
  • Las raíces nerviosas pasan entre los músculos escaleno anterior y medio junto con la arteria subclavia 1, 2

Troncos

  • Las raíces se unen para formar tres troncos 4:
    • Tronco superior: formado por C5 y C6
    • Tronco medio: continuación de C7
    • Tronco inferior: formado por C8 y T1 5

Divisiones

  • Cada tronco se divide en dos divisiones: una anterior y una posterior 1, 2, 4
  • Esta división ocurre después de que los troncos pasan la región supraclavicular 1

Cordones (Fascículos)

Las divisiones se reorganizan para formar tres cordones que viajan con la arteria y vena subclavia en la región infraclavicular 1, 2:

  • Cordón lateral: formado por las divisiones anteriores de los troncos superior y medio 4
  • Cordón posterior: formado por las tres divisiones posteriores de todos los troncos 4
  • Cordón medial: formado por la división anterior del tronco inferior (C8-T1) 5, 4

Ramas Terminales

Los cordones forman las ramas terminales en el margen lateral del músculo pectoral menor y continúan a través de la axila 1, 6, 2:

  • Cordón lateral se divide en:

    • Nervio musculocutáneo
    • Rama lateral del nervio mediano 4
  • Cordón medial se divide en:

    • Rama medial del nervio mediano
    • Nervio cubital (ulnar) 5, 4
  • Cordón posterior se divide en:

    • Nervio axilar
    • Nervio radial 4

Variaciones Anatómicas Importantes

  • En algunos individuos, el plexo braquial puede recibir contribuciones de C4 y/o T2, lo que puede influir en la compresión neurogénica, bloqueos interescalénicos y trauma de extremidad superior 6, 2
  • Se han documentado variaciones como plexos de dos troncos, donde C7 se une con C8 y T1 para formar el tronco inferior en lugar de continuar como tronco medio 7

Relevancia Clínica

  • El conocimiento preciso de esta organización es fundamental para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de plexopatías 2
  • Es esencial diferenciar entre lesiones preganglionares (raíz nerviosa) y posganglionares (plexo) porque los enfoques de tratamiento difieren significativamente 6, 2
  • Las lesiones del tronco inferior (C8-T1) afectan principalmente al nervio cubital, causando déficits en la función intrínseca de la mano 6
  • El diagnóstico clínico se confirma mediante estudios electrodiagnósticos 6, 2

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Anatomía y Patologías del Plexo Braquial

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Brachial plexus injury: treatment options and outcomes.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 2014

Research

Brachial plexus anatomy.

Hand clinics, 2004

Guideline

Ulnar Nerve Root Origins in the Brachial Plexus

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Guideline

Brachial Plexus Anatomy and Clinical Implications

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

A two trunked brachial plexus: a case report.

Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2013

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This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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