What are the terminal branches of the sacral plexus?

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Ramas Terminales del Plexo Sacro

Ramas Terminales Principales

El plexo sacro (formado por L4-S4) da origen a múltiples ramas terminales que inervan la región glútea, el muslo lateral y posterior, y la pierna inferior. 1

Nervios Terminales del Plexo Sacro

Las ramas terminales del plexo sacro incluyen:

  • Nervio ciático: La rama terminal más grande del plexo sacro, que sale de la pelvis a través del foramen ciático mayor, usualmente por debajo del músculo piriforme (aunque ocasionalmente puede dividirlo). 1 Este nervio proporciona inervación motora y sensorial a los territorios de los nervios peroneo y tibial. 1

  • Nervio glúteo superior: Proporciona inervación motora exclusivamente a la región glútea. 1

  • Nervio glúteo inferior: Inerva la musculatura de la región glútea. 1

  • Nervio cutáneo femoral posterior: Proporciona inervación sensorial a la región posterior del muslo. 1

  • Nervio pudendo: Rama terminal que emerge del plexo sacro y proporciona inervación a la región perineal. 2

Organización Anatómica

  • El plexo sacro se forma a partir de las ramas ventrales de L4 a S4, conectándose con el plexo lumbar a través del tronco lumbosacro (formado por L4-L5). 1

  • Las raíces lumbares emergen del músculo psoas mayor, forman divisiones anteriores y posteriores, y finalmente forman las ramas que inervan los músculos de la región glútea, el muslo lateral y posterior, y la pierna inferior. 1

  • Las ramas terminales se forman en la región infraclavicular y continúan a través de la axila hacia las extremidades. 1

Consideraciones Clínicas

  • La plexopatía sacral completa causa debilidad, pérdida sensorial y pérdida flácida de los reflejos tendinosos en los segmentos L5 a S3, resultando en debilidad y pérdida sensorial en los territorios de los nervios glúteo (solo motor), peroneo y tibial. 1

  • El diagnóstico clínico de plexopatía se confirma mediante estudios electrodiagnósticos. 1

  • Existe variabilidad anatómica significativa en la formación del plexo sacro, con cambios observados en el nivel de las raíces nerviosas en aproximadamente 41% de los casos estudiados. 3

References

1
Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

3
Research

Anatomical variations of lumbosacral plexus.

Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA, 2010

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